| VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
| PlGF | placental growth factor |
| Rho | Ras homologue gene |
| Rap | Ras-related protein |
| ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| PI3 | phosphoinositide-3 |
| PIP3 | phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate |
| eNOS | endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
| MAP | mitogen-activated protein |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| ROCK | Rho kinase |
| MLC | myosin light chain |
| NRP | neuropilin |
| GEF | guanine nucleotide exchange factor |
| FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
| S1P | sphingosine 1-phosphate |
| HUVEC | human umbilical vein endothelial cell |
| CCM | cerebral cavernous malformation |
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