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. 2018 Apr 11;19(4):1164. doi: 10.3390/ijms19041164

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Fbs stimulated by BMM differentiate into myofibroblasts via the Cyr61/Nox4 pathway. (A) Western blotting for Fb differentiation, involving analysis of specific factors such as FSP-1, NOX2, NOX4, collagen-1, and Cyr61. The expression of these factors was normalized to that of GAPDH; (B) Cells were treated with BMM for 3 or 6 h or DPI (5 μM; NOX inhibitor) for 1 h or were co-treated with DPI and BMM. ROS production was measured using the DCF-DA assay and calculated as a percentage of the mean fluorescence intensity compared with that of the control. * p < 0.05 as compared to the control; # p < 0.05 as compared to the BMM (6 h)-treated group; (C) Cells were treated with BMM for 3 h or DPI (5 μM, NOX inhibitor) for 1 h or were co-treated with DPI and BMM. Cyr61 expression was normalized to that of GAPDH after western blotting. The values indicate intensities of protein expression with respect to that of the loading control; (D) Secretion of MMPs from BMM-treated-Fbs by using conditioned medium, followed by western blotting analysis. The expression levels were normalized to PonceauS, used as a loading control. *** p < 0.001 as compared to the control.