Orthotopic liver transplantation increases KC activation and TIM-4 expression. (A) KCs were isolated from mice in the sham and LT groups 24, 48 and 72 h following surgery. Cells were double stained with PE-CD14 and APC-CD163 and quantified using flow cytometry. (B) Liver samples were obtained from mice in the sham and LT groups and assessed using immunohistochemistry (magnification, ×400). Activated hepatic KCs are stained brown. (C) KCs were isolated from mice in the sham and LT groups 1, 3 and 7 days following surgery and TIM-4 expression was analyzed using western blotting. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 vs. sham group. KC, kupffer cells; TIM-4, T cell immunoglobulin-domain mucin-domain-4; CD, cluster of differentiation; APC, antigen presenting cell; LT, liver transplantation; PE, phycoerythrin; d, days.