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. 2018 Mar 26;8:5177. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22995-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Medieval urban isotopic niches from Uzbekistan are displayed as probability clouds, and individual isotopic values from southern Kazakhstan (nomadic communities) and western Turkmenistan (urban community) are represented as points. (b) Isotopic niche overlap analysis for urban communities in Uzbekistan. Standard ellipses covering 95% of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values were modelled using Bayesian inference. Overlapping areas for each pairwise comparisons in δ-space were visualized as probability clouds with underlying isotopic data points superimposed (lower left). Area overlap of total isotopic niche area for each pair was plotted as probability distributions (upper right).