Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of cases and controls in the present study
| Characteristics | Cases | Controls | P‐valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 170 | 340 | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 57.5 (7.77) | 57.4 (7.68) | Matching value |
| Males (%) | 80 (47.1) | 160 (47.1) | Matching value |
| Smoking status | .15 | ||
| Never smoked (%) | 100 (58.8) | 217 (63.8) | |
| Previous smoker (%) | 24 (14.1) | 52 (15.3) | |
| Current smoker, <20 cigarettes/d (%) | 16 (9.4) | 15 (4.4) | |
| Current smoker, ≥20 cigarettes/d (%) | 30 (17.7) | 56 (16.5) | |
| Frequency of alcohol drinking | .80 | ||
| Never or occasional (%) | 103 (61.7) | 215 (63.6) | |
| ≥1 d/wk, <150 g/wk (%) | 29 (17.3) | 51 (15.1) | |
| ≥1 d/wk, ≥150 g/wk (%) | 35 (21.0) | 72 (21.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | .26 | ||
| <22 (%) | 53 (31.2) | 115 (33.8) | |
| 22 ≤ BMI <25 (%) | 65 (38.2) | 144 (42.4) | |
| 25 ≤ BMI (%) | 52 (30.6) | 81 (23.8) | |
| Physical activity ≥1 d/wk, (%)b | 40 (23.8) | 70 (20.7) | .49 |
| Coffee consumption ≥1 cup/d, (%) | 57 (33.5) | 116 (34.1) | .89 |
| Family history of pancreatic cancer (%) | 8 (4.7) | 4 (1.2) | .03 |
| History of DM or DM‐related drug use (%) | 18 (10.6) | 14 (4.1) | .008 |
| Plasma metabolites | |||
| Xylitol (μg/mL), mean (SD) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.2) | .84 |
| 1,5‐AG (μg/mL), mean (SD) | 24.1 (10.3) | 26.6 (10.8) | .02 |
| Histidine (nmol/mL), mean (SD) | 86.9 (15.6) | 84.8 (15.1) | .27 |
| Inositol (μg/mL), mean (SD) | 4.3 (1.4) | 4.1 (1.3) | .31 |
| Threonine (nmol/mL), mean (SD) | 242.6 (62.7) | 238.1 (68.4) | .37 |
| Methionine (nmol/mL), mean (SD) | 27.8 (7.1) | 27.2 (7.8) | .12 |
| Arabinose (μg/mL), mean (SD) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | .79 |
| Asparagine (nmol/mL), mean (SD) | 58.6 (13.0) | 59.2 (13.7) | .67 |
| Glutamine (nmol/mL), mean (SD) | 642.9 (108.5) | 641.2 (111.7) | .80 |
| Lysine (nmol/mL), mean (SD) | 222.7 (48.7) | 215.5 (48.4) | .14 |
| Tyrosine (nmol/mL), mean (SD) | 132.3 (33.1) | 127.6 (31.0) | .15 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.8) | .66 |
Analyses were based on 167 cases and 338 controls for frequency of alcohol drinking, and on 168 cases and 339 controls for physical activity.
a
Based on the chi‐squared test or Wilcoxon rank‐sum test.
b
Leisure time sports activity in terms of frequency of sports ≥1 d/wk.
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; 1,5‐AG, 1,5‐anhydro‐d‐glucitol.