Table 4.
Therapeutic intervention | Proposed mode of action | Disease | References |
---|---|---|---|
Antibodies to abnormal protein aggregations e.g. a‐synuclein, PrP | Clearance of aggregates | AD, prion diseases, HD, ALS, stroke, PND | 132, 133, 134, 135 |
Plasmapheresis (+tumour removal) | Removal of pathogenic antibody | Paraneoplastic disorders | 136 |
Stem cell therapy | Creating non‐pathogenic and reparative cell populations | MS, SMA, ALS, TBI, AD, PD, prion diseases, stroke, HD | 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144 |
Antibiotics e.g. minocycline | Inhibition of inflammation and anti‐apoptotic activity | AD, ischaemia, PD, HD, MS | 145, 146 |
Cannabinoids | Attenuates excitotoxic glutamatergic neurotransmission, modulation of microglia and astrocytes | AD, PD, HD, ALS, epilepsy, MS, autism | 133, 147, 148, 149 |
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory | Inhibition of COX‐1 and ‐2 | AD | 132 |
Diet and calorie restriction | Antioxidant functions, inhibits COX‐2 and iNOS, reduction in free radicals and oxidative stress | Epilepsy, ALS, AD, PD | 150, 151, 152, 153 |
Anti‐lymphocyte therapy |
B‐cell depletion (CD20) Plasma cells depletion (CD19) Blocking T‐cell responses Modulating T‐cell phenotypes |
MS, stroke, depression | 135, 137, 154 |
Innate immunity based therapy | Macrophage apoptosis and macrophage suppression. inhibition NLRP inflammasome inhibiting/modulating microglia phenotypes. | MS, depression, ischaemia, TBI | 137, 141, 154 |
Targeting ionotropic and metabotropic receptors | Agonist/antagonist antibodies or ligands e.g. NMDA, glutamate receptor antagonist | AD, PD, HD, MS, SMA, ALS, prion disease, epilepsy, bipolar disorder, TBI, depression, schizophrenia | 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158 |
Antioxidants | Reducing ROS, upregulating antioxidant genes. Targeting Nrf2 pathway (e.g. BG12). HSPs. |
MS, HD, ALS, stroke, TBI, schizophrenia, depression Friedreich's ataxia |
134, 135, 137, 141, 154, 158, 159 |
RAGE antagonists | Reduction of formation or activation of innate immune responses by blocking/inhibiting advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) | AD | 160 |
Complement inhibition | Blocking complement mediated neuronal damage | Stroke, TBI, epilepsy | 161, 162, 163 |
Potassium and sodium channel targets | Neuroprotection e.g. lamotrigine, fampridine acid‐sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) | MS | 137 |
Chemokine/cytokine modulation |
Promoting regenerative microenvironment e.g. IL‐4, CD28, amplification of Tregs. CXCR3 |
AD, TBI, epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder | 132, 141, 154, 157, 158, 164 |