Table 2.

Picture naming response categories. A more complete description of the scoring rationale is provided by Roach et al. (1996).

Response Category	Code	Description	Example Target: cat
Correct	C	The response matches the target.	cat
Semantic	S	The response is a word with only a semantic relation to the target. Semantically related responses are judged by the scorer as having a taxonomic or associative relation to the target.	dog
Formal	F	The response is a word with only a phonological relation to the target. Phonologically related responses share the initial or final phoneme with the target, or a single phoneme in the same word position aligned from center to center, or two phonemes in any word position.	hat
Mixed	M	The response is a word with both a semantic and phonological relation the target.	rat
Unrelated	U	The response is a word with neither a semantic nor a phonological relation to the target.	fog
Neologism	N	The response is not a word, but it has a phonological relation to the target.	cag
Abstruse Neologism	AN	The response is not a word, nor does it have a phonological relation to the target.	rog
Non-naming Attempt	NA	All other responses, including omissions, descriptions, non-nouns, picture parts, and fragments are considered non-naming attempts.	I don't know