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. 2018 May 25;9:366. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00366

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs). There are a host of VEMPs since vestibular input projects indirectly to many muscle groups. The two VEMPs which have received the most attention are cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMPs). cVEMPs are recorded by surface electromyographic (EMG) electrodes over the tensed sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCMs) (11). The cVEMP consists of a short latency (13 ms from onset to peak) positive (i.e., inhibitory) EMG potential in response to high-intensity air-conducted sound (ACS) or bone-conducted vibration (BCV) (15). oVEMPs consist of a small (5–10 µV) negative (i.e., excitatory) potential recorded by surface electrodes on the skin beneath the eyes from the inferior oblique in response to BCV or ACS (12, 13). To record the oVEMP, the subject must be looking up. (A) Electrode placement for oVEMPs and cVEMPs; the ground electrode (not shown) is typically on the chin or sternum. (B) [Reprinted from Iwasaki et al. (16) © 2009, with permission from Elsevier.] Typical oVEMP and cVEMP traces for a healthy subject: the magnitude of the n10 response is approximately equal beneath both eyes for the oVEMP, and similarly the magnitude of the p13–n23 response is approximately equal in both SCMs for the cVEMP.