Steel coupon mass loss (A), nitrate and nitrite concentrations (B), and lactate concentrations (C) in incubations of S. oneidensis and carbon steel coupons in minimal medium containing nitrate and lactate (black), nitrate (red), lactate (blue), or no nitrate or lactate (green). Dashed lines represent mean mass losses and concentrations of nitrate or lactate in uninoculated medium. Closed circles and squares in panel B represent nitrate and nitrite concentrations, respectively. Open circles in panel B represent nitrate concentrations in incubations of S. oneidensis in medium containing nitrate but no steel coupon or lactate. Error bars represent one standard deviation of data from triplicate incubations.