Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of a proposed biosynthetic pathway of BIAs derived from the precursor (S)-N-methylcoclaurine in lotus.

Lotus leaf accumulates aporphine-type BIAs, while embryo accumulating bis-BIAs. The gray line indicates the common biosynthetic pathway of BIAs derived from the precursor (S)-reticuline. The black dash line indicates the potential biosynthetic pathway of BIAs in the leaf. Dotted lines represent multiple enzymatic steps