Table 4.

The heavy metal concentration in wastewater, soil, and plants in relation to the transfer and bioaccumulation factors.

Metal	Vegetable	Concentration in Wastewater (mg/L)	Concentration in Soil (mg/kg)	Concentration in Plant (mg/kg)	Transfer Factor	Bioaccumulation Factor	Reference
Cd	Cupressus sempervirens	0.06	0.03	0.06	0.5	2	[72]
Cd	Raphanus sativus	-	0.84	0.93	-	1.29	[20]
Cd	Vicia faba	-	0.11	0.1	-	0.9	[173]
Cd	Oryza sativa	0.01	3	1.1	300	0.4	[174]
Cd	Spinacia oleracea	10	5.8	15	0.6	2.6	[175]
Cd	Lactuca sativa	0.05	1	0.2	20	0.2	[176]
Pb	Triticum	-	41.56	2.77	-	0.1	[177]
Pb	Raphanus sativus	0.18	49.4	2.6	274.4	0.04	[20]
Pb	Triticum	0.585	411.7	26.23	703.8	0.064	[178]
Pb	Convolvulus arvensis	-	24.7	1.433	-	0.058	[179]
Pb	Triticum	0.1	33.4	2.3	334.0	0.069	[151]
Pb	Oryza sativa	-	5.1	0.37	-	0.073	[180]
Pb	Cupressus sempervirens	9.2	7.1	3.2	0.8	0.5	[72]
Zn	Raphanus sativus	-	157	57	-	0.41	[20]
Zn	Daucus carota	0.27	12.4	2.5	45.9	0.202	[181]
Zn	Vicia faba	0.36	0.42	0.07	1.2	0.2	[76]
Zn	Amaranthus	1	167	67	167.0	0.4	[176]
Zn	Beta vulgaris	0.24	1.7	25	7.1	14.7	[182]
Zn	Hordeum vulgare	0.19	1.4	32.2	7.4	23.0	[116]
Zn	Citrus x sinensis	0.02	134.22	4.15	6711.0	0.031	[89]
Ni	Cupressus sepervirens	7.1	11.3	4.7	1.6	0.4	[72]
Ni	Oryza sativa	1.03	35	1.8	34.0	0.051	[174]
Ni	Raphanus sativus	-	24.9	11	-	0.42	[20]
Ni	Zea mays	-	28.13	2.65	-	0.09	[183]
Ni	Abelmoschus esculentus	1.6	0.3	1.4	0.2	4.67	[132]
Ni	Vicia faba	0.04	0.55	0.09	13.8	0.2	[76]
Ni	Triticum	0.22	276.6	27.19	1257.3	0.098	[178]
Cu	Cupressus sempervirens	4.7	5.4	9.4	1.1	1.7	[72]
Cu	Raphanus sativus	0.2	5.4	1.2	27.0	0.222	[181]
Cu	Raphanus sativus	-	32.8	9	-	0.32	[20]
Cu	Lactuca sativa	-	7.4	8.05	-	1.088	[184]
Cu	Xanthium strumarium	0.616	0.768	0.791	1.2	1.0	[185]
Cu	Vicia faba	0.181	0.49	0.04	2.7	0.1	[76]
Cu	Citrus x sinensis	0.03	94.38	4.352	3146.0	0.046	[89]

TF = Transfer factor from wastewater to the soil, BF = Bioaccumulation Factor from soil to vegetable.