Table 1.

Summary of anti-osteoporotic properties of medicinal plants.

Family	Scientific Name	Compound	Pharmacological study
Berberidaceae	E. brevicornum Maxim E. sagittatum Maxim E. pubescens Maxim E. koreanum Nakai E. koreanum		➢Prevents osteoporosis without causing uterine hyperplasia in ovariectomized rats. ➢Inhibits bone resorption, triggers bone formation, and blocks urinary calcium excretion. ➢Increases the messenger ribonucleic acid expressions of bone morphogenetic protein and wingless-type signaling pathway related regulators such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 and cyclin D. ➢Stimulates osteoblast proliferation via estrogen receptor-dependent mechanism. ➢Possesses estrogenic activity and is able to regulate bone metabolism and improve the maturation of osteoblasts by inducing alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein-2, macrophage colony stimulating factor, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, core binding factor α1, and interliukin-6 and signaling effectors against decapentaplegic protein 4.
		Iicarin	➢Inhibits bone loss in the distal femur and tibia of the rat model and postmenopausal women. ➢Decreases tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity of osteoclasts, decreases the size of lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclasts formation, prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced bone resorption and interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. ➢Inhibits cyclooxygenasetype-2 synthesis, expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced hypoxia inducible factor-1α, and lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of the p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase involved in osteoclasts differentiation. ➢Reduces extracellular regulated-kinases 1/2 and lipopolysaccharide-induced activation. ➢Reduces specific genes of osteoclasts: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, cathepsin K and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-B ligand.
		Ikarisoside A	➢Shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophage precursor cells and in RAW264.7 cells. ➢Inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, Jun N-terminal kinase, protein kinase B-receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand pathway in osteoclasts and their resorbing activity.
Fabaceae	Glycine max L. Psoralea corylifolia L.		➢Dietary soybean protein supplementation is effective in reducing loss of bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats. ➢Improves bone turnover markers, bone mineral density, and bone strength among postmenopausal women. ➢Modulates bone metabolism-related gene expression of collagen type I, osteocalcin, calciotropic receptor, alkaline phosphatase, cytokines, and growth factors. ➢Induces bone calcification in rats. ➢Increases the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in serum. ➢Regulates the trabecular microstructure and prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women and animal models.
		Genistein	➢Shows estrogenic effects in the bone but not in the uterus. ➢Modulates B-lymphopoiesis. ➢Inhibits bone degradation.
		Bavachalcone	➢Inhibits osteoclastogenesis. ➢Inhibits the extracellular regulated-kinases and protein kinase B signalling and chromosome-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 induction during differentiation.
		Psoralidin, Isobavachin	➢Strong antioxidant.
		Bavachin Corylin	➢Stimulates osteoblastic proliferation.
		Bakuchiol	➢Has high binding affinity for ERα. ➢Shows no significant uterotrophic activity. ➢Stimulates estrogenic activity in vitro. ➢Reduces postmenopausal bone loss by increasing alkaline phosphatase, calcium concentrations, serum estrogen concentration, and bone mineral density.
		Psoralen	➢Stimulates new bone formation. ➢Stimulates differentiation of osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner in primary mouse calvariae. ➢Upregulates osteoblast-specific genes expression of osteocalcin, type I collagen and sialoprotein. ➢Stimulates bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene expression.
Arecaceae	Elaeis guineensis	Tocotrienol	➢Well-known for their antioxidant, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory properties and anti-osteoporotic agent. ➢Suppresses the proinflammatory cytokines expression. ➢Effective in retaining trabecular bone structure in the nicotine-induced bone loss model. ➢Reduces of single-labelled surface and increased in double-labelled surface in the ovariectomized rats. ➢Increases bone mineral density at the femur and vertebrae of the rats in the testosterone deficiency and the glucocorticoid bone loss model. ➢Restores bone calcium level at the femur and vertebra of orchidectomized and ovariectomized rats. ➢Improves biomechanical strength of the femur in normal male rats.
Labiatae	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge		In ovariectomized rats: ➢Prevents the decrease in trabecular bone mass and bone mineral density. ➢Reduces the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. ➢Decreases oxidative stress.
		Tanshinones	➢Reduces the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclast formation
		Tanshinones IIA	➢Partially inhibits ovariectomy-induced bone loss by reducing bone turnover.
		Salvianolic acid A	➢Inhibits bone loss in rats given long-term prednisone. ➢Stimulates osteogenesis. ➢Suppresses adipogenesis in bone marrow stromal cells.
		Salvianolic acid B	➢Inhibits glucocorticoid-induced cancellous bone loss. ➢Suppresses adipogenesis. ➢Stimulates bone marrow stromal cell differentiation to osteoblasts. ➢Upregulates osteoblastic activities. ➢Modulates the expression of messenger of ribonucleic acid of dickkopf-1, runt-related transcription factor 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and β-catenin in mesenchymal stem cell.
Simaroubaceaea	Eurycoma longifolia		➢Androgenic substance with a good safety profile.
		Eurycomalactone Eurycomanol	➢Increases testosterone level in the blood. ➢Inhibits sex hormone-binding globulin.
		Eurycomanone	➢Increases testosterone level in the blood.
Myrsinaceae	Labisia pumila		➢Used traditionally to treat female sexual problems. ➢Stimulates the production of estrogen. ➢Stimulates the production of estrogen.
		Ascorbic acid Anthocyanin Beta-carotene, Flavonoids phenolic compounds	➢Anti-oxidant and free radical scavengers-effective free radical scavengers in conditions, such as osteoporosis and rheumatism, which are related to ageing and oxidative stress. ➢Anti-inflammatory agents.