Table 5.
Adjusted IRR and 95% CI for the association of ambient air pollution (PM2.5 and PSI in quartiles *) during pregnancy and episodes of bronchiolitis/bronchitis by 2 years old.
| Stratified by Pre-Pregnancy BMI ≥ 23 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trimester | Trimester | |||||||
| Episodes of Bronchiolitis/Bronchitis | Entire Pregnancy | First | Second | Third | Entire Pregnancy | First | Second | Third |
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 0.76 (0.51–1.14) | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 1.19 (0.80–1.75) | 1.35 (0.96–1.91) | 0.81 (0.44–1.49) | 1.33 (0.75–2.37) | 2.44 (1.25–4.77) * | 1.36 (0.81–2.28) |
| Q3 | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 1.04 (0.73–1.47) | 1.65 (1.16–2.35) * | 0.84 (0.57–1.25) | 1.00 (0.56–1.79) | 0.73 (0.39–1.36) | 3.39 (1.77–6.47) * | 0.77 (0.43–1.40) |
| Q4 | 1.28 (0.88–1.84) | 1.13 (0.80–1.61) | 1.26 (0.87–1.83) | 1.25 (0.88–1.78) | 1.63 (0.92–2.89) | 1.66 (0.95–2.90) | 2.63 (1.36–5.05) * | 0.94 (0.55–1.61) |
| PSI Q2 | 0.47 (0.31–0.72) * | 0.70 (0.46–1.05) | 1.33 (0.91–1.96) | 1.75 (1.20–2.54) * | 0.55 (0.30–1.03) | 0.98 (0.55–1.74) | 2.03 (1.12–3.67) * | 1.34 (0.76–2.38) |
| Q3 | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | 1.52 (1.03–2.24) * | 0.91 (0.59–1.41) | 0.73 (0.40–1.34) | 1.08 (0.62–1.89) | 1.30 (0.66–2.56) | 1.24 (0.68–2.25) |
| Q4 | 1.25 (0.90–1.75) | 1.04 (0.72–1.50) | 1.06 (0.71–1.60) | 1.38 (0.95–2.01) | 1.24 (0.76–2.03) | 1.15 (0.64–2.08) | 1.57 (0.85–2.89) | 0.89 (0.52–1.55) |
| Model 2 (multi-trimester) | ||||||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | (-) | 1.13 (0.73–1.75) | 2.29 (1.34–3.89) * | 1.02 (0.69–1.52) | (-) | 1.14 (0.60–2.16) | 5.19 (2.20–12.24) * | 1.17 (0.65–2.11) |
| Q3 | (-) | 1.08 (0.64–1.81) | 3.71 (2.05–6.70) * | 0.69 (0.38–1.23) | (-) | 1.01 (0.42–2.42) | 11.06 (4.12–29.65) * | 0.62 (0.24–1.59) |
| Q4 | (-) | 1.83 (1.18–2.84) * | 2.37 (1.38–4.09) * | 2.47 (1.33– 4.55) * | (-) | 2.76 (1.45–5.26) * | 4.84 (1.90–12.36) * | 3.40 (1.25–9.20) * |
| PSI Q2 | (-) | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) | 1.82 (1.16–2.85) * | 1.67 (1.07–2.59) * | (-) | 0.92 (0.50–1.70) | 2.57 (1.22–5.41) * | 1.62 (0.79–3.29) |
| Q3 | (-) | 1.31 (0.88–1.94) | 2.20 (1.09–4.45) * | 0.92 (0.50–1.70) | (-) | 1.32 (0.72–2.44) | 1.50 (0.47–4.74) | 1.09 (0.43–2.77) |
| Q4 | (-) | 1.74 (1.11–2.71) * | 1.94 (0.97–3.901) | 1.54 (0.81–2.90) | (-) | 1.93 (0.93–4.02) | 2.07 (0.68–6.26) | 0.89 (0.33–2.39) |
| Model 3 (+postnatal) | ||||||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 1.14 (0.67–1.94) | 1.36 (0.85–2.15) | 1.90 (1.08–3.35) * | 0.91 (0.60–1.39) | 0.80 (0.36–1.78) | 2.07 (0.97–4.40) | 5.21 (2.13–12.75) * | 0.74 (0.37–1.49) |
| Q3 | 1.44 (0.88–2.37) | 1.02 (0.59–1.76) | 2.43 (1.27–4.63) * | 0.47 (0.23–0.94) * | 1.10 (0.53–2.25) | 1.08 (0.43–2.75) | 6.05 (2.04–17.92) * | 0.21 (0.06–0.67) * |
| Q4 | 1.30 (0.70–2.39) | 0.75 (0.41–1.37) | 1.74 (0.93–3.25) | 2.36 (1.22–4.56) * | 0.92 (0.37–2.29) | 1.13 (0.44–2.90) | 2.32 (0.80–6.72) | 2.91 (1.02– 8.29) * |
| PSI Q2 | 0.46 (0.28–0.78) * | 0.92 (0.58–1.47) | 1.54 (0.96–2.48) | 1.56 (0.96–2.56) | 0.44 (0.20–0.98) * | 1.24 (0.63–2.40) | 2.44 (1.11–5.37) * | 2.00 (0.94–4.27) |
| Q3 | 0.95 (0.63–1.44) | 1.67 (1.07–2.60) * | 2.18 (1.05–4.56) * | 0.92 (0.48–1.78) | 0.72 (0.36–1.42) | 1.90 (0.96–3.75) | 2.29 (0.65–8.05) | 1.53 (0.55–4.27) |
| Q4 | 1.29 (0.91–1.84) | 1.80 (1.05–3.10) * | 2.32 (1.06–5.08) * | 1.51 (0.75–3.02) | 1.00 (0.57–1.73) | 1.61 (0.69–3.72) | 5.47 (1.42–20.99) * | 1.06 (0.37–2.99) |
* Reference to first quartile (Q). Adjusted with maternal age at delivery, ethnicity, education level, parity, maternal atopy, maternal smoking during pregnancy and ETS, child’s gender, gestation age, and birthweight.