Table 6.
Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI for the association of ambient air pollution (PM2.5 and PSI in quartiles *) during pregnancy and childhood respiratory health at 1 and 2 years old.
| Trimester | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entire Pregnancy | First | Second | Third | |
| Ear Infection | ||||
| 1 year | ||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 2.20 (0.55–8.75) | 7.64 (1.18–49.37) * | 0.42 (0.06–2.92) | 1.03 (0.28–3.82) |
| Q3 | 2.92 (0.85–10.05) | 11.37 (1.47–87.97) * | 0.28 (0.03–2.49) | 0.37 (0.04–2.93) |
| Q4 | 6.40 (0.95–43.18) | 8.26 (1.13–60.29) * | 1.07 (0.13–8.77) | 0.31 (0.03–2.92) |
| PSI Q2 | 3.45 (0.69–17.26) | 1.39 (0.31–6.15) | 1.60 (0.35–7.26) | 1.40 (0.38–5.06) |
| Q3 | 3.15 (0.62–16.04) | 1.75 (0.37–8.27) | 0.90 (0.09–8.54) | 0.33 (0.04–2.72) |
| Q4 | 4.25 (0.84–21.35) | 2.40 (0.44–13.11) | 1.09 (0.12–9.55) | 1.34 (0.20–8.94) |
| 2 years | ||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 1.96 (0.53–7.15) | 3.28 (1.00–10.73) * | 0.48 (0.12–1.89) | 0.67 (0.24–1.82) |
| Q3 | 1.77 (0.51–6.11) | 4.15 (1.05–16.36) * | 0.45 (0.09–2.19) | 0.72 (0.16–3.17) |
| Q4 | 3.64 (0.71–18.69) | 4.28 (0.92–19.87) | 1.00 (0.21–4.66) | 0.25 (0.04–1.47) |
| PSI Q2 | 2.50 (0.83–7.45) | 1.53 (0.51–4.57) | 1.54 (0.46–5.09) | 0.95 (0.31–2.90) |
| Q3 | 2.01 (0.70–5.71) | 1.69 (0.51–5.55) | 1.42 (0.26–7.78) | 0.44 (0.09–2.14) |
| Q4 | 2.07 (0.71–6.03) | 3.42 (0.86–13.53) | 1.56 (0.25–9.57) | 0.64 (0.12–3.50) |
| Prolonged cough | ||||
| 1 year | ||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 1.66 (0.74–3.70) | 1.94 (0.81–4.65) | 1.04 (0.42–2.59) | 0.88 (0.40–1.95) |
| Q3 | 1.29 (0.60–2.78) | 1.15 (0.40–3.32) | 1.64 (0.58–4.66) | 0.76 (0.23–2.48) |
| Q4 | 2.56 (0.89–7.34) | 3.03 (1.07–8.52) * | 1.08 (0.36–3.23) | 1.64 (0.51–5.26) |
| PSI Q2 | 1.94 (0.89–4.25) | 2.03 (0.89–4.65) | 1.98 (0.85–4.60) | 0.97 (0.42–2.24) |
| Q3 | 2.45 (1.13–5.30) * | 1.16 (0.47–2.82) | 1.25 (0.34–4.48) | 0.85 (0.31–2.32) |
| Q4 | 2.07 (1.00–4.27) * | 3.67 (1.53–8.79) * | 1.66 (0.47–5.88) | 1.57 (0.54–4.53) |
| 2 years | ||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 0.95 (0.47–1.91) | 1.06 (0.52–2.15) | 1.06 (0.49–2.28) | 0.79 (0.42–1.48) |
| Q3 | 1.20 (0.62–2.34) | 1.34 (0.60–2.96) | 1.38 (0.55–3.44) | 0.83 (0.32–2.11) |
| Q4 | 1.66 (0.71–3.87) | 1.52 (0.64–3.57) | 1.27 (0.52–3.09) | 1.32 (0.50–3.45) |
| PSI Q2 | 0.92 (0.47–1.77) | 1.25 (0.67–2.34) | 1.42 (0.72–2.81) | 1.21 (0.59–2.47) |
| Q3 | 1.37 (0.77–2.44) | 0.88 (0.45–1.74) | 1.20 (0.43–3.31) | 1.03 (0.44–2.40) |
| Q4 | 1.45 (0.84–2.48) | 1.86 (0.86–3.99) | 1.14 (0.38–3.40) | 1.74 (0.70–4.33) |
| Pneumonia | ||||
| 1 year | ||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 0.36 (0.03–4.42) | 9.75 (0.585–162.77) | 1.05 (0.05–19.62) | 0 |
| Q3 | 1.47 (0.20–10.50) | 10.45 (0.39–278.03) | 3.31 (0.13–80.25) | 0.77 (0.03–19.29) |
| Q4 | 0.84 (0.05–13.82) | 5.98 (0.20–178.81) | 1.52 (0.05–41.76) | 0.33 (0.009–11.92) |
| PSI Q2 | 0.52 (0.04–6.16) | 0.76 (0.08–6.78) | 2.22 (0.11–42.16) | 0.15 (0.008–2.93) |
| Q3 | 1.21 (0.17–8.29) | 0.24 (0.02–2.89) | 0.19 (0.003–13.22) | 0.19 (0.011 3.494 |
| Q4 | 0.97 (0.12–7.64) | 0.19 (0.008–4.64) | 0.41 (0.008–21.61) | 0.58 (0.05–6.33) |
| 2 years | ||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 1.68 (0.20–14.06) | 0.87 (0.09–7.95) | 1.26 (0.17–9.36) | 1.08 (0.15–7.65) |
| Q3 | 3.71 (0.53–26.00) | 1.26 (0.14–11.13) | 1.57 (0.11–21.02) | 7.51 (0.69–81.35) |
| Q4 | 3.93 (0.45–34.41) | 3.67 (0.37–36.28) | 5.30 (0.53–52.98) | 6.00 (0.41–87.60) |
| PSI Q2 | 0.48 (0.04–4.78) | 0.88 (0.13–5.79) | 1.25 (0.28–5.55) | 1.14 (0.14–9.22) |
| Q3 | 2.68 (0.58–12.45) | 1.39 (0.21–9.19) | 0.35 (0.03–3.90) | 0.94 (0.11–7.91) |
| Q4 | 2.25 (0.51–9.84) | 0.44 (0.05–3.85) | 0.12 (0.007–2.38) | 1.76 (0.19–16.36) |
| Rhinitis | ||||
| 1 year | ||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 1.06 (0.69–1.65) | 1.10 (0.66–1.83) | 0.88 (0.49–1.57) | 1.25 (0.78–1.99) |
| Q3 | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) | 0.81 (0.44–1.49) | 1.16 (0.61–2.22) | 1.16 (0.57–2.35) |
| Q4 | 1.25 (0.68–2.29) | 0.82 (0.43–1.57) | 1.48 (0.75–2.90) | 1.65 (0.79–3.44) |
| PSI Q2 | 0.94 (0.62–1.43) | 0.93 (0.60–1.44) | 0.80 (0.47–1.37) | 0.91 (0.56–1.47) |
| Q3 | 1.11 (0.73–1.68) | 0.85 (0.52–1.38) | 1.11 (0.51–2.40) | 1.15 (0.64–2.06) |
| Q4 | 1.28 (0.85–1.93) | 1.14 (0.67–1.96) | 1.38 (0.64–2.99) | 1.00 (0.52–1.92) |
| 2 years | ||||
| PM2.5 Q2 | 0.98 (0.61–1.56) | 1.14 (0.70–1.87) | 0.68 (0.39–1.20) | 1.21 (0.78–1.89) |
| Q3 | 0.90 (0.56–1.43) | 0.78 (0.43–1.40) | 0.82 (0.42–1.58) | 0.92 (0.47–1.82) |
| Q4 | 0.93 (0.50–1.74) | 0.86 (0.45–1.64) | 0.92 (0.48–1.76) | 1.29 (0.63–2.64) |
| PSI Q2 | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | 0.96 (0.62–1.47) | 0.82 (0.49–1.37) | 1.07 (0.65–1.76) |
| Q3 | 1.03 (0.68–1.56) | 0.85 (0.53–1.37) | 0.96 (0.46–2.00) | 1.05 (0.57–1.92) |
| Q4 | 1.12 (0.75–1.67) | 1.13 (0.63–2.00) | 0.85 (0.38–1.89) | 1.07 (0.54–2.09) |
* Reference to first quartile (Q). Adjusted with maternal age at delivery, ethnicity, education level, parity, maternal atopy, maternal smoking during pregnancy and ETS, child’s gender, gestation age, and birthweight, multi-trimester pollutant, postnatal ETS and air pollution.