Fig. 3. Viability of S. cerevisiae after multiple cycles of simultaneous or single hostile stimuli, assessed using agar plating. (A) Yeast cell viability after multiple cycles of simultaneous hostile stimuli with lyticase, high temperature (40 °C) and UV light. (B) Under similar conditions, but with lyticase exposure alone. (C) Under similar conditions, but with high temperature exposure alone. (D) Under similar conditions, but with UV light exposure alone. Data indicate the percentage of colony forming units on agar plates, with error bars indicating standard deviations over five separate experiments with different yeast cultures. 100% viability represents pre-stimulus CFU levels. (E) Proposed mechanisms of protection by bilayered nanoshells against the different single stimuli applied: (i) lyticase, (ii) thermal stress, and (iii) UV radiation. Arrows indicate the penetration of stimuli through the outer silica layer and inner biohybrid layer.