Fig. 4. Protection of S. cerevisiae cells encapsulated in bilayered nanoshells against lyticase, high temperature and UV light exposure. (A) SEM images of (i) native cells, (ii) cells encapsulated in a biohybrid layer alone (the scale bar equals 1 μm) and (iii) cells encapsulated in a bilayered nanoshell (the scale bar equals 5 μm) after exposure to a temperature of 40 °C for 12 h. (B) Simulated (i) attenuation of thermal stress and (ii) temperature distribution through the silica (grey shaded) and biohybrid layer (blue shaded) to the cell (green shaded). The scale bar equals 200 nm. (C) Surface temperature of differently encapsulated yeast cells exposed to a range of different surrounding temperatures (36–54 °C). Data represent averages with standard deviations over 3 separate yeast cultures. (D) UV absorption spectra of (i) biohybrids and (ii) silica. The inset shows the percentage reflection of light through the amorphous silica layer. (E) Simulated (i) attenuation of UV light and (ii) intensity distribution through the outer silica layer (grey shaded) and inner biohybrid layer (blue shaded). The scale bar equals 200 nm. The arrow indicates the direction of light propagation.