Fig. 5. Post-functionalization of S. cerevisiae cells encapsulated in bilayered nanoshells. (A) Schematic of post-functionalized, bilayered nanoshell encapsulated cells with graphene and magnetic nanoparticles. (B) SEM image of a yeast cell with a graphene-based bilayered nanoshell (the scale bar equals 5 μm). (C) Electrical conductivity of differently encapsulated yeast cells and yeast cells with a graphene-based bilayered nanoshell. (D) SEM image of Fe₃O₄-based bilayered nanoshell encapsulated cells and EDX line scan for elemental Fe (inset). The scale bar equals 5 μm. (E) Magnetic separation of yeast cells encapsulated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The scale bar equals 0.5 cm. (F) Viability of yeast cells encapsulated in bilayered nanoshells with post-functionalities after multiple cycles of simultaneous hostile stimuli with lyticase, high temperature (40 °C) and UV light. Note that cells in bilayered nanoshells with and without graphene or Fe₃O₄ demonstrate comparable viability after recycling (see also Fig. 3A).