Table 2.
Defect site | Animal | Age/weight | Defect size | Substitute biomaterials |
---|---|---|---|---|
Distal femur | F344/Fisher [83]; male Wistar rat [87] | 8 wk [83]; 12–14 wk [87] | 2 mm diameter & depth [83]; 2 mm in diameter & 3 mm in length [87] | β-TCP bone graft substitutes [83]; polymer containing TGF-β1 [87] |
Midfemur | Female BALB/cJ [84]; male Fisher [88]; nude rat [89] | 13–15 wk [84]; 253 g [88]; 325–400 g [89] | 2 mm in length [84]; 5 mm in length [88]; 5 mm in length [89] | Composite calcium phosphate & collagen [84]; marrow cells & porous ceramic [88]; BMP–silk composite matrices [89] |
Calvaria | Nu/nu mice [85]; nude rat [90] | 6–8 wk [85]; 12 wk [90] | 4 mm diameter [85]; 8 mm diameter [90] | iPSCs/silk scaffold [85]; PLGA & adipose-derived stem cells [90] |
BMP = bone morphogenetic protein; PLGA = poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)