. 2018 Jan 11;187(6):1250–1258. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwx372

Table 1.

Characteristics of Participants in an Analysis of the Association Between 100% Bans on Smoking in Bars and Restaurants and Within-Person Changes in Smoking Outcomes, CARDIA Study, 1985–2011

Characteristic	CARDIA Examination Year
	Year 0		Year 7		Year 10		Year 15		Year 20		Year 25
	No. of Persons	%	No. of Persons	%	No. of Persons	%	No. of Persons	%	No. of Persons	%	No. of Persons	%
All Participants
Total no. of participants	5,071		4,006		3,895		3,644		3,510		3,446
Age, years^a	24.8 (3.7)		32.0 (3.6)		35.0 (3.7)		40.2 (3.6)		45.2 (3.6)		50.2 (3.6)
Sex
Male	2,304	45	1,832	46	1,748	45	1,615	44	1,519	43	1,503	44
Female	2,767	55	2,174	54	2,147	55	2,029	56	1,991	57	1,943	56
Race
Black	2,612	52	1,940	48	1,903	49	1,718	47	1,633	47	1,609	47
White	2,459	48	2,066	52	1,992	51	1,926	53	1,877	53	1,837	53
Education, years^a	13.8 (2.3)		14.5 (2.5)		14.6 (2.6)		14.9 (2.5)		15.0 (2.6)		15.1 (2.7)
Education category
High school diploma or less	2,011	40	1,160	29	1,144	30	834	23	837	24	771	22
Some college/associate’s degree	1,676	33	1,216	31	1,096	28	1,134	31	955	27	957	28
Bachelor’s degree or more	1,384	27	1,606	40	1,633	42	1,665	46	1,703	49	1,706	50
Unemployed	1,405	28	900	23	814	21	732	20	780	22	1,123	33
Married	1,130	22	1,737	44	1,906	49	2,187	60	2,194	63	2,109	62
Living with children	1,355	27	1,934	49	2,110	55	2,174	60	2,012	58	1,703	50
Annual household income (increments of $10,000)^a^,^b	5.7 (3.7)		4.7 (3.0)		4.9 (2.9)		6.9 (4.6)		6.8 (4.3)		6.3 (4.1)
Current alcohol use	4,366	86	3,271	82	3,092	80	2,878	79	2,713	79	2,676	78
Current cigarette smoker	1,545	31	1,087	27	1,001	26	805	22	687	20	597	17
Exposure to 100% smoking bans^c
Restaurant ban	0	0	0	0	17	<1	923	25	1,085	31	2,760	80
Bar ban	0	0	0	0	2	<1	916	25	1,022	29	2,428	71
Participants Who Had Ever Smoked During Follow-up
Total no. of participants	1,913		1,468		1,419		1,284		1,200		1,200
Average no. of cigarettes smoked per day^a	10.6 (9.7)		9.7 (9.9)		9.1 (9.1)		7.7 (9.5)		6.8 (9.1)		5.5 (7.8)
Smoking intensity, cigarettes/day
<10	922	48	782	53	780	55	812	63	816	68	870	73
≥10	991	52	686	47	639	45	472	37	384	32	330	27
Current Smokers
Total no. of participants	1,545		1,087		1,001		805		687		597
Attempt to quit smoking in past (2, 3, or 5) years^d	922	60	549	51	518	52	483	60	431	63	367	62

Abbreviation: CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

^a Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation).

^b Household income was converted to year 2000 US dollars using the Consumer Price Index (33).

^c Participants were linked to state, county, and city-level smoking ban exposures on the basis of their census tract of residence.

^d At baseline, participants were asked about attempts to quit smoking in the past 2 years. At follow-up examinations, quitting attempts since the past examination were assessed (2-year interval for year 7, 3-year interval for year 10, and 5-year intervals for years 15, 20, and 25). Examination years 2 and 5 were not included in this analysis.