Table 2.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Sexually Transmitted Infection, Tuberculosis, and Viral Hepatitis Prevalence Data in International Published Literature on Transgender Inmates, 1992–2016
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) | HIV Prevalence | STI Prevalence | Hepatitis Prevalence | Tuberculosis Prevalence | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory Data | Self-Report | Laboratory Data | Self-Report | Laboratory Data | Self-Report | Laboratory Data | Self-Report | |||||||||
| No.a | % | No.a | % | No.a | % | No.a | % | No.a | % | No.a | % | No.a | % | No.a | % | |
| Colchero, 2015 (63) | 84 | 31.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Crepet, 2016 (62) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 117 | 10.3 |
| Varella, 1996 (60) | 82 | 78.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 82 | 39.0c | NR | NR | 82 | 12.0d | NR | NR | 82 | 13.0e |
| Valenta, 1992 (61) | 76b | 3.9b | NR | NR | Syphilis, 86 | Syphilis, 11.6 | 86 | 30.2c | NR | NR | 86 | 25.6d | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Lydon, 2015 (43) | TW: NR | NR | 137 | 13.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| TS: NR | NR | 51 | 6.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||
| NBG: NR | NR | 62 | 13.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||
| Hariga, 2011 (59) | 11f | 54.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Emmer, 2011 (58) | NR | NR | 59 | 33.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 59 | Hep C 20.3d | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Abbreviations: Hep B, hepatitis B; Hep C, hepatitis C; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NBG, nonbinary gender; NR, not reported; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TW, transgender women; TS, 2-spirit.
a Total sample size (i.e., denominator, number of respondents for question).
b In the abstract, the authors state that 76 of 86 participants were tested for HIV seropositivity. On page 247, the authors state 3 of 69 participants tested were HIV-antibody positive (61).
c Any history of STIs.
d Any history of hepatitis. Manuscript reports 4 people with positive hepatitis B soluble antigen, but the number tested is unknown.
e Any history of tuberculosis.
f A total of 11 detainees were hosted in the transgender unit on the day when the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime visited the Federal Penitentiary System in Argentina (59).