. 2018 Mar 15;40(1):27–39. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxx012

Table 3.

Housing Segregation, Physical and Sexual Violence, and Access to Hormone Therapy Reported in International Peer-Reviewed Health Literature and Gray Literature on Infectious Diseases in Carceral Settings, 1992–2016

First Author, Year (Reference No.)	Peer-Reviewed Literature or Gray Literature	Access to Gender-Affirming Hormones and/or Surgery	Housing Segregation	Violence
Colchero, 2015 (63)	Peer reviewed	NR	“In three of the centers, transgender women and gay men live in an independent wing, which is separated from where other men live. In the remaining center, most of the transgender women were found at the same wing where people with HIV live. All people living with HIV and AIDS in prisons in Mexico City are transferred to this wing in this prison” (p. s101).	“In detention centers, as verbally expressed by transgender women that declined to participate, non-participation was related to the fear of getting an HIV-positive result, and particularly associated with the anxiety of been transferred to the only prison that offers HIV treatment in the city, which is perceived as having a very violent environment” (p. s102).
Crepet, 2016 (62)	Peer reviewed	NR	NR	NR
Varella, 1996 (60)	Peer reviewed	NR	NR	NR
Valenta, 1992 (61)	Peer reviewed	“In 1987, prison policy was for inmates who presented proof of being treated with estrogens or progestogens prior to incarceration to continue to receive treatment while in prison. This was discontinued in 1988 due to concerns about risk of high blood pressure, elevated lipids, and thromboembolic disease. Hormone therapy was abruptly stopped in all inmates” (p. 242).	NR	NR
Lydon, 2015 (43)^a	Gray	35% (n = 222)^b of TW, TS, and NBG respondents received hormone therapy before incarceration. 23.0%^c of TW, TS, and NBG respondents received hormone therapy in prison. 44.0%^c of TW, TS, and NBG requested hormone therapy and were denied access while in prison. 40.0%^c were denied access to surgery during incarceration.	76.0% of TW (n = 114)^b,d placed in solitary confinement for safety 70.0% of TS (n = 46)^b,d placed in solitary confinement for safety 65.0% of NBG (n = 52)^b,d placed in solitary confinement for safety	Violence by staff: 22.0% (n = 137)^b raped by staff 14.0% of TS (n = 51)^b raped by staff 23.0% of NBG (n = 62)^b raped by staff
Lydon, 2015 (43)^a	Gray			Violence by inmates: 79.0% of TW (n = 137)^b raped by inmates 57.0% of TS (n = 51)^b raped by inmates 68.0% of NBG (n = 62)^b raped by inmates
Hariga, 2011 (59)	Gray	NR	“A specific unit with trained staff has been established to hold the transgender population” (p. 14). “Proposed education, work and other activities are designed based on the needs of the population. All detainees expressed their great satisfaction with this arrangement in the classification. Their specific needs are addressed, including in terms of commodities” (p. 14).	NR
Emmer, 2011 (58)	Gray	18.9% (n = 37)^b,e continued receiving hormone therapy during incarceration. 37.8% (n = 37)^b,e received hormone therapy off and on during incarceration. 43.2% (n = 37)^b,e have not received hormone therapy while incarcerated.	69.5% (n = 59)^b in general population 5.1% (n = 59)^b in administrative segregation 17.0% (n = 59)^b in protective custody 6.8% (n = 59)^b in solitary confinement^f	Violence by staff: 79.7% (n = 59)^b verbally harassed by staff owing to gender 44.1% (n = 59)^b sexually harassed 27.1% (n = 59)^b physically assaulted 27.1% (n = 59)^b sexually assaulted
Emmer, 2011 (58)	Gray			Violence by inmates: 90.0% (n = 59)^b verbally harassed 72.9% (n = 59)^b sexually harassed 52.5% (n = 59)^b physically assaulted 44.1% (n = 59)^b sexually assaulted

Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NBG, nonbinary gender; NR, not reported; TW, transgender women; TS, 2-spirit.

^a A total of 950 participants reported on gender identity: 15% TW, 5% TS, 7% NBG.

^b Total sample size.

^c Sample size information not reported in article (i.e., numerator and denominator not reported).

^d Number represents number of participants placed in solitary confinement for safety or other reasons.

^e A total of 37 participants were taking hormones before incarceration.

^f Also called “restricted housing” in report (p. 19).