Table 1. Demographic and resistance data among 184 antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected voluntary counselling and testing clients from 2013 to 2016 in southern Taiwan.
| Univariate regression | Multivariate regression | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients, N = 184 | INSTI polymorphic substitution, N = 16 | No INSTI polymorphic substitution, N = 168 | p value | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||||
| Male | 184 (100) | 16 (100) | 168 (100) | ||||
| Female | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 26 (23–31) | 25 (21–35) | 26 (23–31) | 0.47 | |||
| Route of transmission, n (%) | |||||||
| MSM | 176/182 (96.7) | 15/15 (100) | 161/167 (96.4) | 1.00 | |||
| Heterosexual | 6/182 (3.3) | 0/15 (0) | 6/167 (3.6) | ||||
| Duration of infection, n (%) | |||||||
| Recent infection | 92 (50) | 9 (56) | 83 (49) | 0.80 | 1.3 (0.5–3.7) | ||
| Chronic infection | 92 (50) | 7 (44) | 85 (51) | ||||
| HIV VL (log), median (IQR) | 4.8 (4.4–5.1) | 5.0 (4.7–5.3) | 4.8 (4.4–5.1) | 0.02* | (0.1–0.8) | 0.03* | 2.4 (1.1–5.3) |
| CD4 count (cells/ul), median (IQR) | 308 (201–427) | 267 (240–426) | 312 (200–430) | 0.86 | |||
| HAV Ab, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 18/183 (9.8) | 4/15 (26.7) | 14/168 (8.3) | 0.05* | 4.0 (1.1–14.2) | 0.09 | 3.5 (0.8–11.4) |
| HBs Ab, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 87/183 (47.5) | 7/15 (46.7) | 80/168 (47.6) | 1.00 | |||
| HBs Ag, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 19/183 (10.4) | 4/15 (26.7) | 15/168 (8.9) | 0.05 | 0.16 | 2.7 (0.7–10.8) | |
| HBc Ab, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 45/183 (24.6) | 5/15 (33.3) | 40/168 (23.8) | 0.53 | |||
| HCV Ab, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 4/183 (2.2) | 0/15 (0) | 4/168 (2.4) | 1.00 | |||
| IHA-Amebiasis (≥256), n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 4/162 (2.5) | 0/15 (0) | 4/147 (2.7) | 1.00 | |||
| Toxoplasma-IgG, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 15/183 (8.2) | 0/15 (0) | 15/168 (8.9) | 0.62 | |||
| CMV-IgG, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 179/182 (98.4) | 15/15 (100) | 164/167 (98.2) | 1.00 | |||
| Cryptococcal Ag, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 0/183 (0) | 0/15 (0) | 0/168 (0) | ||||
| Syphilis, n (%) | |||||||
| Positive | 61/183 (33.3) | 9/15 (60) | 52/168 (31) | 0.04* | 3.3 (1.1–9.9) | 0.03* | 3.7 (1.1–12.0) |
| HIV subtype, n (%) | |||||||
| Subtype B | 171/178 (96.1) | 16/16 (100) | 155/162 (95.7) | 1.00 | |||
| Non-subtype B (CRF01_AE) | 7/178 (3.9) | 0/16 (0) | 7/162 (4.3) | ||||
| pol (PR/RT) resistance, n (%) | |||||||
| Resistance | 15/178 (8.4) | 1/16 (6.2) | 14/162 (8.6) | 1.00 | |||
| Non-resistance | 163/178 (91.6) | 15/16 (93.8) | 148/162 (91.4) | ||||
| pol (PR/RT) mutation, n (%) | |||||||
| Mutation | 78/178 (43.8) | 10/16 (62.5) | 68/162 (42) | 0.19 | |||
| Non-mutation | 100/178 (56.2) | 6/16 (37.5) | 94/162 (58) | ||||
| NRTI mutation | 9/178 (5.1) | 0/16 (0) | 9/162 (5.6) | 1.00 | |||
| NNRTI mutation | 24/178 (13.5) | 3/16 (18.8) | 21/162 (13) | 0.46 | |||
| PI mutation | 57/178 (32) | 8/16 (50) | 49/162 (30.2) | 0.16 | |||
| Tropism V3 receptor type, n (%) | |||||||
| CCR5 type | 131/184 (71.2) | 13/16 (81.3) | 118/168 (70.2) | 0.56 | |||
| CXCR4 type | 53/184 (28.8) | 3/16 (18.8) | 50/168 (29.8) | ||||
| INSTI resistance, n (%) | |||||||
| Resistance | 0/184 (0) | 0/16 (0) | 0/168 (0) | ||||
| Non-resistance | 0/184 (0) | 0/16 (0) | 0/168 (0) |
INSTI: integrase strand-transfer inhibitors. OR:odds ratio. IQR: interquartile range. HAV Ab: hepatitis A antibody. HBs Ab: hepatitis B surface antibody.
HBs Ag: hepatitis B surface antigen. HBc Ab: hepatitis B core antibody. HCV Ab: hepatitis C virus antibody. IHA: Indirect Hemaggluuutination. CMV: cytomegalovirus. PR/RT: protease/ reverse transcriptase. NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. PI: protease inhibitor. CCR5: C-C chemokine receptor type 5. CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4. Recent infection was defined as recent high risk behavior with compatible retroviral symptoms 3 months before serological positivity; (2) a positive enzyme immunoassay test for HIV-1 with indeterminate Western blot results, and two separate positive results for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; or (3) negative serologic tests 6 months ago [11].