Table 3.
Prevalence of Smoking in General Population and in Prison by Sex, Mid-Eastern and African Countries, 2012–2016
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) | Location | Study Population | Year Data Collected | In Prison, % | General Population,a % | Fold Increase | No. Incarcerated Study Subjects | Prison Populationb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mixed Sex Studies | ||||||||
| Kwabla, 2015 (81) | Ghana | TB study | 2014 | 43.7 | 6.1 | 7.16 | 161 | 13,164 |
| Mamani, 2016 (82) | Iran | LTBI study | 2013 | 81.9c | 10.9c | 7.53 | 1,208 | 226,220 |
| Khajedaluee, 2016 (83) | Iran | Study participants with HTLV-I, HBV, HCV, and KSHV | 2008 | 70.2 | 11.8 | 5.95 | 1,114 | 168,516 |
| Mor, 2015 (84) | Israel, Eritrea, Sudan, Ethiopia | Undocumented, detained migrants with radiograph suggestive of TB | 2009 | 48.4 | 19.9d | 2.43 | 62 | 20,164 |
| Kinyanjui, 2013 (85) | Kenya | Prison population in Kenya | 2011 | 32.7 (14.0% in past week) | 13.5 | 1.04; 2.42 | 395 | 52,000 |
| Mnisi, 2013 (86) | South Africa | TB | 2010 | 59.9 | 19.4 | 3.09 | 202 | 163,312 |
| Ekouevi, 2013 (87) | Togo | Study of HIV seroprevalence in the prison population | 2011 | 31.9 | 3.9d | 8.18 | 1,342 | 4,060 |
| Owokuhaisa, 2014 (88) | Uganda | TB study | 2012 | 19.7e | 10.1e | 1.95 | 677 | 34,940 |
| Studies of Men | ||||||||
| Fuge, 2016 (89) | Ethiopia | Persons screened for pulmonary TB | 2013 | 54.9 | 8.1 | 6.78 | 164 | 100,572 |
| Akaji, 2013 (20) | Nigeria | Study of tobacco use | 2010 | 53.6e | 15.0e | 3.57 | 224 | 45,689 |
| Jaquet, 2016 (90) | Senegal | Men incarcerated in Lome, Togo; and in Dakar, Senegal | 2014 | 64.2 | 23.5 | 2.73 | 333 | 8,355 |
| Telisinghe, 2014 (91) | South Africa | TB study | 2010 |
|
32.0 | 1.81 | 981 | 159,618 |
| Nyasulu, 2015 (92) | South Africa | Those treated for TB | 2010 |
|
32.0 | 1.53 | 1,140 | 159,618 |
| Jaquet, 2016 (90) | Togo | Men incarcerated in Lome, Togo; and in Dakar, Senegal | 2013 | 29.4 | 13.8d | 3.57 | 347 | 4,372 |
| Studies of Women | ||||||||
| Abera, 2016 (93) | Ethiopia | 738 persons in prison in 9 major prison setups in Tigray region | 2013 | 31.3 | 0.5 | 62.60 | 16 | 3,630 |
| Fageeh, 2014 (94) | Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia women at Briman Prison, Jedda, n = 300 | 2012 | 18.6c | 2.8c | 6.64 | 204 | 2,793 |
Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HTLV, human T-cell leukemia virus type I; KSHV, Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpes virus; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; TB, tuberculosis.
a Data on General Population from the World Health Organization (34), unless otherwise stated.
b Data from World Prison Brief data (8).
c In the Middle East, few data were located. Iran and Saudi Arabia had a higher level of smoking among general (94%) and female carceral (18.6%) populations than the general population (10.9%) and general female population (2.8%), respectively.
d Data from Ng (46).
e In Africa, we located data for 6 countries. Higher levels were found among mixed sex prison studies in Nigeria (53.6%) and Uganda (19.7%) than in the general community (15% and 10.1%) respectively.