Figure 3: Summary Estimates from a Series of Meta-analyses of the Effect of Fructose on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Controlled Feeding Trials.

Isocaloric trials (A) refer to trials in which fructose was exchanged for other sources of carbohydrate and in hypercaloric trials. Hypercaloric trials (B) refer to trials in which fructose-supplemented control diets with excess energy at high doses compared with the control diets alone (without the excess energy). *Evidence of significant interstudy heterogeneity by the Cochran Q statistic (p<0.05). CI = confidence interval; dBP = diastolic blood pressure; FBG = fasting blood glucose; FBI = fasting blood insulin; GBP = glycated blood proteins; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAP = mean arterial pressure; sBP = systolic blood pressure; SMD = standardised mean difference; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglycerides. Adapted from Sievenpiper JL; Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract, and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit.²¹