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. 2018 Apr 6;3(2):224–235. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12110

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© 2018 The Authors. Epilepsia Open published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) and direct cortical stimulation (DCS) mapping results in the left hemisphere of Patient 3. DCS (large circles, diameter 1 cm) found 2 language sites (pink), 5 motor sites (blue), the frontal eye field (brown), and 1 sensory site for the tongue (green) or no effects (white). nTMS (small dots) elicited anomias (red), hesitations (orange), semantic paraphasias (yellow), 1 phonological paraphasia (blue), or no effects (black). nTMS elicited hesitations in 1 language site (true positive) but not the other (false negative). nTMS in the tongue sensory site produced several errors (false positive). nTMS did not elicit errors in most silent or motor DCS sites (true negatives). There are large areas covered only by DCS (anteriorly) or only by nTMS (especially posteriorly).