Table 1.
Classification of major uremic toxins.
| Small Water-Soluble Compounds (<500 Da) | Middle Molecule (≥500 Da) | Protein Bound Compounds (Mostly < 500 Da) |
|---|---|---|
| ADMA | ANP | AGEs |
| Carbamylated compounds | β2-microglobulin | Homocysteine |
| Creatinine | Endothelin | Indoxyl sulfate |
| SDMA | FGF23 | Indole acetic acid |
| TMAO | Ghrelin | Kynurenines |
| Urea | Immunoglobulin light chains | p-cresylsulfate |
| Uric acid | Interleukin-6 | Phenyl acetic acid |
| Interleukin-8 | ||
| Interleukin-18 | ||
| Lipids and lipoproteins | ||
| Neuropeptide Y | ||
| PTH | ||
| Retinol binding protein | ||
| TNF-α |
ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA, symmetric dimethylarginine; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; PTH, parathyroid hormone; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α, AGEs, advanced glycation end products.