Table 1.
Active microalgal species, active fraction/compounds tested and cell lines against which these have proven to be effective (CV stands for cell viability).
| Microalgae | Fraction/Compound | Target Cells | Active Concentration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Thalassiosira rotula, Skeletonema costatum and Pseudonitzschia delicatissima. Commercial source, not from microalgae |
Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) | Colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) Lung adenocarcinoma (A549) Colon adenocarcinoma (COLO 205) |
11 to 17 µg/mL (arrest of cell growth) 0.22 to 1.5 µg/mL (CV of 80% to 0% depending on the conditions) |
[11] [12] |
| Chlorella ellipsoidea | Carotenoid extract | Colon carcinoma (HCT-116) | 40 µg/mL (IC50) | [13] |
| Synedra acus | Chrysolaminaran (polysaccharide) | Colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29 and DLD-1) | 54.5 and 47.7 µg/mL (IC50 for HT-29 and DLD-1) | [14] |
| Dunaliella tertiolecta | Violaxanthin (carotenoid already identified in C. ellipsoidea) | Breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) | 40 µg/mL (to observe cytostatic activity) | [15] |
| Cocconeis scutellum | Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) |
Breast carcinoma (BT20) | Not clarified | [16] |
| Chaetoseros sp., Cylinrotheca closterium, Odontella aurita and Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Fucoxanthin (carotenoid) | Promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60), Caco-2, colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), DLD-1 and prostate cancer (PC-3, DU145 and LNCaP) | 29.78 µg/mL (CV of 17.3% for HL-60) 10.01 µg/mL (CV of 14.8%, 29.4% and 50.8% for Caco-2, DLD-1 and HT-29) 13.18 µg/mL (CV of 14.9%, 5.0% and 9.8% for PC-3, DU145 and LNCaP) |
[17] |
| Chaetoceros calcitrans | EtOH extract AcOEt extract |
MCF-7 Breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) |
3.00 µg/mL (IC50) 60 µg/mL (IC50) |
[18] [19] |
| Amphidinium carterae | CH3Cl fraction Hexane fraction AcOEt fraction |
HL-60 HL60, Skin melanoma (B16F10), A549 |
50 µg/mL (CV of 40%) 25–50 µg/mL (CV between 50% and 90%) |
[20] |
| Eleven strains of benthic diatoms Ostreopsis ovata Amphidinium operculatum |
MeOH extract | HL-60 | 50 µg/mL (CV of 48% for O. ovata and 58% for A. operculatumi) | [21] |
| Navicula incerta | Stigmasterol (phytosterol) | Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) | 8.25 μg/mL (CV of 54%) | [22] |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Nonyl-8-acetoxy-6-methyloctanoate (NAMO, fatty alcohol ester) Monogalactosyl glycerols 1 |
HL-60 Mouse epithelial cell lines (W2, D3) |
22.3 μg/mL (IC50) 40-50 μg/mL (concentration necessary to induce apoptosis) |
[23] [24] |
|
Skeletonema costatum Skeletonema marinoi |
Hydrophobic fraction and PUAs Hydrophobic fraction |
Caco-2 (A2058 not affected) Skin melanoma (A2058) |
11 to 17 µg/mL (PUAs) 50 µg/mL (CV of 60%) |
[11] [8] |
| Canadian marine microalgal pool | Aqueous extract | A549, lung carcinoma (H460), prostate carcinoma (PC-3, DU145), stomach carcinoma (N87), MCF-7, pancreas adenocarcinoma (BxPC-3) and osteosarcoma (MNNG) | 5000 µg/mL (CV between 30% and 80% depending on the cell line) | [25] |
| Chlorella sorokiniana | Aqueous extract | A549 and lung adenocarcinoma (CL1-5) | 0.0156 to 1 µg/mL (CV reduced down to 20% progressively) | [26] |
1 (2S)-1-O-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-6,9,12-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-[β-d-galactopyranosyl]-glycerol and (2S)-1-O-3,6,9,12,15-octadecapentaenoyl-2-O-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol.