Fig 4. Fold change in Pro and Hyp of pepper leaves after different treatments (high aphid density, low aphid density, and water stress).

Mean +/- s.d. of n = 4. Positive or negative values indicate increases or decreases, respectively. Asterisks indicate significant changes (P-value < 0.05) in Tukey¹ or Games-Howell² post hoc analysis relative to their respective control leaves.