Table 3. Anthropometric and clinical characteristics before bariatric surgery and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgerya.
| Before surgery | After surgery, months | P-Timeb | P-Time X Clusterb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 6 | ||||
| Fasting glucose, μU/mL | 106,49 ± 31,89 | 89.17 ± 11.25‡ | 83.76 ± 12.09|| | 84.31 ± 11.06§ | <0.001 | 0.44 |
| Cl-1 | 107,83 ± 38,05 | 90.73 ± 8.03 | 83.00 ± 13.19 | 86.00 ± 11.09 | ||
| Cl-2 | 104,33 ± 19,32 | 86.71 ± 15.03 | 85.07 ± 10.27 | 81.85 ± 10.98 | ||
| Fasting insulin, μU/mL | 17,60 ± 9,36 | 13.62 ± 8.25 | 9.94 ± 3.82§ | 8.95 ± 3.78§ | <0.001 | <0.05 |
| Cl-1 | 17,17 ± 9,66 | 15.71 ± 9.35 | 10.57 ± 4.23 | 10.03 ± 3.92 | ||
| Cl-2 | 18,29 ± 9,14 | 10.33 ± 4.80# | 8.83 ± 2.75 | 7.45 ± 3.12¶ | ||
| HOMA-IR, AU | 4,89 ± 3,35 | 3.06 ± 1.99 | 2.05 ± 0.86|| | 1.89 ± 0.86|| | <0.001 | <0.05 |
| Cl-1 | 4,86 ± 3,55 | 3.56 ± 2.21 | 2.15 ± 0.96 | 2.14 ± 0.87 | ||
| Cl-2 | 4,94 ± 3,12 | 2.28 ± 1.32¶ | 1.87 ± 0.65 | 1.55 ± 0.76 | ||
| HBA1c, % | 5,59 ± 0,29 | 5.15 ± 0.26§ | 5.21 ± 0.29|| | 5.20 ± 0.23§ | <0.001 | 0.20 |
| Cl-1 | 5,58 ± 0,21 | 5.27 ± 0.24 | 5.23 ± 0.23 | 5.16 ± 0.17 | ||
| Cl-2 | 5,63 ± 0,45 | 5.00 ± 0.20 | 5.19 ± 0.38 | 5.23 ± 0.28 | ||
| HBA1c, mmol/mol | 37,60 ± 3,16 | 32.73 ± 2.81§ | 33.46 ± 3.22|| | 33.32 ± 2.51§ | <0.001 | 0.18 |
| Cl-1 | 37,43 ± 2,30 | 34.10 ± 2.66 | 33.68 ± 2.56 | 32.88 ± 1.83 | ||
| Cl-2 | 38,00 ± 4,88 | 31.13 ± 2.19 | 33.16 ± 4.11 | 33.63 ± 3.01 | ||
| Weight, kg | 140,03 ± 27,31 | 124.50 ± 23.49|| | 113.99 ± 22.31|| | 100.41 ± 19.53|| | <0.001 | 0.90 |
| Cl-1 | 136,88 ± 29,82 | 123.49 ± 26.21 | 112.68 ± 24.25 | 99.59 ± 23.25 | ||
| Cl-2 | 145,07 ± 22,80 | 126.16 ± 19.00 | 116.25 ± 19.16 | 101.61 ± 13.11 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 50,52 ± 8,37 | 45.09 ± 7.19|| | 41.28 ± 6.80|| | 36.42 ± 6.14|| | <0.001 | 0.87 |
| Cl-1 | 49,45 ± 9,11 | 44.45 ± 7.55 | 40.55 ± 6.78 | 36.23 ± 7.09 | ||
| Cl-2 | 52,23 ± 6,99 | 46.14 ± 6.69 | 42.53 ± 6.91 | 36.69 ± 4.66 | ||
| Waist-hip ratio, ratio | 0,93 ± 0,18 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | 0.90 ± 0.21 | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.07 |
| Cl-1 | 0,96 ± 0,20 | 0.89 ± 0.11 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.07 | ||
| Cl-2 | 0,89 ± 0,14 | 0.85 ± 0.11 | 0.97 ± 0.33¶ | 0.85 ± 0.07 | ||
| Waist circumference, cm | 135,71 ± 21,05 | 123.92 ± 16.06|| | 116.54 ± 13.94|| | 108.71 ± 13.87|| | <0.001 | 0.80 |
| Cl-1 | 134,67 ± 21,57 | 124.30 ± 18.43 | 116.00 ± 15.33 | 107.65 ± 15.18 | ||
| Cl-2 | 137,29 ± 20,93 | 123.29 ± 11.80 | 117.54 ± 11.42 | 110.35 ± 11.98 | ||
| Hip circumference, cm | 147,09 ± 19,53 | 141.65 ± 14.82 | 131.84 ± 18.98 | 125.58 ± 13.60‡ | <0.001 | 0.07 |
| Cl-1 | 142,19 ± 21,50 | 140.13 ± 16.43 | 133.25 ± 15.48 | 125.45 ± 16.13 | ||
| Cl-2 | 154,43 ± 13,76 | 144.14 ± 11.84 | 129.23 ± 24.70¶ | 125.77 ± 9.02 | ||
| Diastolic pressure, mmHg | 83,58 ± 14,08 | 76.47 ± 13.08 | 78.31 ± 12.46 | 76.71 ± 9.75 | <0.05 | 0.38 |
| Cl-1 | 83,95 ± 15,16 | 76.38 ± 12.46 | 81.57 ± 11.74 | 78.05 ± 8.65 | ||
| Cl-2 | 83,00 ± 12,79 | 76.62 ± 14.55 | 73.43 ± 12.30 | 74.58 ± 11.35 | ||
| Systolic pressure, mmHg | 133,55 ± 17,31 | 124.41 ± 18.85‡ | 127.46 ± 16.83 | 126.26 ± 16.54 | 0.11 | 0.19 |
| Cl-1 | 134,68 ± 20,44 | 120.86 ± 21.06 | 129.29 ± 20.13 | 126.63 ± 19.70 | ||
| Cl-2 | 131,75 ± 11,30 | 130.15 ± 13.42 | 124.71 ± 10.19 | 125.67 ± 10.53 | ||
| TG, mg/dL | 129,05 ± 58,65 | 121.89 ± 38.22 | 109.82 ± 38.63 | 95.56 ± 38.43 | <0.01 | 0.58 |
| Cl-1 | 129,17 ± 62,39 | 127.68 ± 43.08 | 115.04 ± 42.83 | 102.00 ± 45.13 | ||
| Cl-2 | 128,87 ± 54,23 | 112.79 ± 28.06 | 100.86 ± 29.44 | 86.15 ± 24.47 | ||
| CHOL, mg/dL | 206,64 ± 43,66 | 163.75 ± 36.92|| | 170.08 ± 37.09§ | 169.72 ± 45.16‡ | <0.001 | <0.05 |
| Cl-1 | 202,96 ± 43,95 | 170.14 ± 35.42 | 177.88 ± 35.38 | 180.58 ± 46.90 | ||
| Cl-2 | 212,53 ± 44,03 | 153.71 ± 38.29¶ | 156.71 ± 37.36 | 153.85 ± 38.85¶ | ||
| LDL, mg/dL | 128,23 ± 36,32 | 101.50 ± 29.79 | 106.35 ± 29.90 | 106.07 ± 36.70 | <0.001 | <0.05 |
| Cl-1 | 122,46 ± 34,75 | 107.03 ± 27.61 | 112.66 ± 29.14 | 113.68 ± 37.35 | ||
| Cl-2 | 138,13 ± 38,11 | 92.98 ± 32.10¶ | 95.97 ± 29.18¶ | 94.65 ± 34.01¶ | ||
| HDL, mg/dL | 49,97 ± 18,36 | 38.34 ± 10.16|| | 44.11 ± 10.89 | 46.44 ± 13.26 | <0.001 | 0.63 |
| Cl-1 | 52,42 ± 20,46 | 40.05 ± 11.88 | 44.71 ± 11.83 | 47.89 ± 15.17 | ||
| Cl-2 | 45,79 ± 13,77 | 35.79 ± 6.41 | 43.07 ± 9.39 | 44.31 ± 10.04 | ||
| VLDL, mg/dL | 25,81 ± 11,73 | 23.90 ± 7.77 | 20.50 ± 8.05 | 18.88 ± 8.30 | <0.01 | 0.44 |
| Cl-1 | 25,83 ± 12,48 | 25.74 ± 8.72 | 22.11 ± 9.24 | 21.18 ± 9.81 | ||
| Cl-2 | 25,77 ± 10,85 | 20.68 ± 4.57 | 17.64 ± 4.49 | 15.80 ± 4.60 | ||
| PCR, mg/l | 10,13 ± 8,41 | 6.69 ± 5.05 | 5.55 ± 5.46‡ | 2.55 ± 2.79|| | <0.001 | 0.81 |
| Cl-1 | 10,50 ± 8,33 | 6.86 ± 4.70 | 4.78 ± 2.99 | 2.42 ± 1.93 | ||
| Cl-2 | 9,66 ± 8,90 | 6.50 ± 5.70 | 6.57 ± 7.76 | 2.69 ± 3.71 | ||
| Leptin, mcg/ml | 78,33 ± 35,38 | 41.15 ± 26.40|| | 32.84 ± 16.28|| | 23.83 ± 10.28|| | <0.001 | 0.80 |
| Cl-1 | 78,36 ± 35,73 | 45.07 ± 33.81 | 34.21 ± 18.73 | 23.40 ± 12.67 | ||
| Cl-2 | 78,29 ± 36,50 | 36.44 ± 13.58 | 31.16 ± 13.61 | 24.36 ± 7.04 | ||
| Adiponeptin, mcg/ml | 7,70 ± 4,11 | 9.66 ± 4.16 | 10.98 ± 7.16 | 12.76 ± 7.71§ | <0.001 | 0.88 |
| Cl-1 | 7,48 ± 3,75 | 9.15 ± 3.46 | 9.94 ± 4.64 | 12.15 ± 5.42 | ||
| Cl-2 | 7,95 ± 4,61 | 10.34 ± 5.08 | 12.41 ± 9.85 | 13.68 ± 10.66 | ||
| GOT, IU/L | 23,90 ± 14,84 | 34.23 ± 17.18‡ | 27.61 ± 18.79 | 21.47 ± 9.32 | <0.001 | 0.27 |
| Cl-1 | 26,75 ± 17,65 | 36.33 ± 20.05 | 27.29 ± 22.19 | 22.11 ± 10.85 | ||
| Cl-2 | 19,33 ± 7,04 | 31.07 ± 11.67 | 28.14 ± 11.51 | 20.54 ± 6.80 | ||
| GPT, U/L | 44,54 ± 23,56 | 61.60 ± 28.91§ | 45.95 ± 25.98 | 36.22 ± 13.44 | <0.001 | 0.87 |
| Cl-1 | 44,83 ± 28,35 | 60.24 ± 25.87 | 44.21 ± 28.52 | 35.79 ± 14.73 | ||
| Cl-2 | 44,07 ± 13,62 | 63.64 ± 33.89 | 48.93 ± 21.60 | 36.85 ± 11.86 | ||
| GGT, U/L | 31,41 ± 17,66 | 32.31 ± 15.44 | 30.89 ± 55.01 | 19.03 ± 9.89‡ | <0.001 | 0.45 |
| Cl-1 | 32,55 ± 17,78 | 36.19 ± 12.87 | 37.67 ± 67.94 | 21.28 ± 7.50 | ||
| Cl-2 | 29,73 ± 17,96 | 26.50 ± 17.54 | 19.29 ± 14.77 | 15.92 ± 12.12 | ||
| Uric, mmol/L | 5,50 ± 1,25 | 6.53 ± 2.52 | 5.02 ± 1.23 | 4.46 ± 1.16 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
| Cl-1 | 5,45 ± 1,00 | 6.50 ± 2.94 | 5.30 ± 1.23 | 4.82 ± 1.09 | ||
| Cl-2 | 5,59 ± 1,66 | 6.57 ± 1.75 | 4.53 ± 1.10 | 3.95 ± 1.08¶ | ||
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 0,79 ± 0,15 | 0.77 ± 0.20 | 0.67 ± 0.17|| | 0.72 ± 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.15 |
| Cl-1 | 0,80 ± 0,17 | 0.78 ± 0.23 | 0.65 ± 0.20 | 0.75 ± 0.17 | ||
| Cl-2 | 0,78 ± 0,11 | 0.75 ± 0.16 | 0.69 ± 0.12 | 0.68 ± 0.11 | ||
| Urea, mg/dL | 31,38 ± 9,79 | 21.97 ± 8.09§ | 23.61 ± 8.28§ | 25.17 ± 7.96‡ | <0.001 | <0.05 |
| Cl-1 | 31,29 ± 9,60 | 23.09 ± 6.05 | 22.24 ± 8.23 | 24.35 ± 8.93 | ||
| Cl-2 | 31,53 ± 10,43 | 20.21 ± 10.56 | 25.86 ± 8.13 | 26.33 ± 6.56 | ||
a Values are shown as Mean ± SD. Total n 39 patients, separate in Cluster 1 (Cl-1, n = 24) and Cluster 2 (Cl-2, n = 15) according K-means clustering at increment 6 month vs baseline. Numbers of serum samples 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery were as follows: Cl-1: 23, 21, 16 and Cl-2 15, 13, 11.
b P values represent changes over time (P-time) and time x group interaction (P -time x group) derived from linear mixed model after log-transformed variables and corrected for multiple testing by the false discovery rate. Taking into account the co-founders: age, gender drug intake and type of surgery.
‡ represents p<0.05,
§ represents p<0.01 and,
|| represents p<0.000 at 1 month, 3 months or 6 months after surgery vs baseline.
¶ p<0.05,
# p<0.01 and,
**p<0.0001 represents change over time differently between Cl-1 and Cl-2.
AU, arbitrary units; BMI, body mass index; CHOL, total cholesterol; CRP, c-reactive protein; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; GOT, aspartate transaminase; GPT, alanine transaminase; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; HOMA-IR, insulin resitance calculated by homeostatic model assessment; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.