Table 1.
Study participant characteristics at time of postpartum magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
| Variablea | PPD (n = 16) | HCW (n = 22) | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (±SD) | 28.97 (4.91) | 28.15 (5.35) | p = 0.627 |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| Caucasian | 10 (62.50) | 13 (59.09) | p = 1.000 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) % not hispanic or latina | 12 (75) | 17 (77.27) | p = 1.000 |
| Education level, n (%) | |||
| High school diploma or less | 3 (18.75) | 3 (13.63) | p = 0.632 |
| Partial or completed undergraduate degree | 11 (68.75) | 13 (59.09) | |
| Graduate/professional degree | 2 (12.50) | 6 (27.27) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||
| Never married | 7 (43.75) | 7 (31.81) | p = 0.042 |
| Currently married | 6 (37.50) | 15 (68.18) | |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 3 (18.75) | 0 (0) | |
| Employment status (currently employed), n (%) | 12 (75) | 19 (86.36) | p = 0.425 |
| Number of children in household, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 7 (43.75) | 11 (50) | p = 0.452 |
| 1 | 6 (37.50) | 10 (45.45) | |
| 2+ | 3 (18.75) | 1 (0.05) | |
| Parity, n (%) | |||
| Nulliparous | 9 (56.25) | 12 (54.55) | p = 0.609 |
| Primiparous | 5 (31.25) | 9 (40.91) | |
| Multiparous | 2 (12.50) | 1 (0.05) | |
| Planned pregnancy, n (%) | 8 (50) | 15 (68.18) | p = 0.324 |
| Past depression history on SCID, n (%) | p < 0.0001 | ||
| Non-peripartum depressive disorder | 10 (62.50) | 0 (0) | |
| Peripartum depressive disorder | 4 (25) | 0 (0) | |
| No depressive disorder | 2 (12.50) | 22 (100) | |
| Weight at time of MRI (lbs.), mean (±SD) | 186.5 (51.89) | 169.09 (29.21) | p = 0.196 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks), mean (±SD) | 39.22 (1.49) | 39.82 (1.44) | p = 0.219 |
| Mode of delivery, n (%) | |||
| Vaginal | 11 (68.88) | 19 (86.36) | p = 0.243 |
| Cesarean section | 5 (31.25) | 3 (13.63) | |
| Labor induction, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 11 (68.88) | 14 (63.63) | p = 1.000 |
| Breastfeeding status at time of MRI, n (%) | |||
| Full or partial breastfeeding | 12 (75) | 18 (81.81) | p = 0.698 |
| Full bottle-feeding | 4 (25) | 4 (18.18) | |
| Postpartum days at time of MRI (±SD) | 28.19 (14.97) | 36.09 (15.69) | p = 0.127 |
| EPDS total score at time of MRI (±SD) | 14.75 (3.45) | 1.41 (1.82) | p < 0.001 |
| SCID diagnosis: at time of MRI, n (%) | |||
| Major or minor depressive disorder with peripartum onset, n (%) | 16 (100) | 0 (0) | p < 0.0001 |
| Anxiety disorder, n (%) | 14 (87.50) | 0 (0) | p < 0.0001 |
| No axis I diagnosis, n (%) | 0 (100) | 22 (100) | p < 0.0001 |
PPD postpartum depression, HCS healthy comparison women, SD standard deviation, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, SCID structured clinical interview for DSM-IV TR disorders (SCID-IV), patient edition -IV
p-value meeting statistical significance are in bold font in table 1
aUnless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as number (percentage) of participants. Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100
bContinuous variables: reporting mean ± SD, test = univariate ANOVA; categorical ariables: reporting n (%), test = two-tailed Fisher’s exact test