Table 1.

Basic description of included interventional studies. PPAR = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.

Study	Gene/Polymorphism	Population	Aim	Main Result
Stefan et al., 2007 [17]	PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678) PPARD (rs2267668) (rs6902123) (rs2076167) (rs1053049)	German; n = 136 (men 63, women 73), Tuebingen Lifestyle Intervention Program. Age 45 ± 1 years, body mass 86.5 ± 1.5 kg	To investigate, whether selected SNPs predict the response of aerobic exercise training on changes in aerobic physical fitness and insulin sensitivity and whether they affect mitochondrial function in human myotubes in vitro.	Genetic variations in PPARD and PPARGC1A modulate mitochondrial function and changes in aerobic physical fitness and insulin sensitivity during lifestyle intervention.
Steinbacher et al., 2015 [18]	PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678)	Austrian; n = 28 (men only), Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention Programme in Subjects at High Individual Risk. Age 59 ± 7 years (range 50–69), body mass 88 ± 2.2 kg	To investigate the myocellular responses in the vastus lateralis muscle of untrained male carriers of this SNP and of a control group after 10 weeks of endurance training.	The single nucleotide polymorphism Gly482Ser in the PPARGC1A gene impairs exercise-induced slow-twitch muscle fiber transformation in humans.
Tobina et al., 2017 [19]	PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678)	Japanese; n = 119 (men 49, women 70), all participants >65 years of age. Age 71 ± 6 years, body mass 57.5 ± 9.8 kg	This study investigated the effects of PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphisms on alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism induced by 12 weeks of exercise training.	The PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism is associated with the response of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations following exercise training in elderly Japanese.
Ring-Dimitriou, et al., 2014 [20]	PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678)	Austrian; n = 24 (men only), untrained individuals selected from SAPHIR program. Age 58.3 ± 5.7 years, body mass 87.2 ± 7.6 kg	To test if untrained men who are homozygous or heterozygous carriers of the rare allele in PPARGC1A show a reduced change in oxygen uptake and work rate at the submaximal performance level compared to men characterized by the common genotype after 10 weeks of endurance exercise.	Investigated SNP affects the trainability of aerobic capacity measured as VO2 or work rate at the respiratory compensation point of previously untrained middle-aged men. The highest responders were Gly/Gly genotypes compared to Gly/Ser and Ser/Ser genotypes.
He et al., 2008 [16]	PPARGC1A Thr394Thr (rs17847357) Gly482Ser (rs8192678) A2962G (rs6821591)	Chinese of Han origin; n = 102 (men only), soldiers from a local police army. Age 19 ± 1 years, height 171.7 ± 5.8 cm, body mass 60.3 ± 6.5 kg	To examine the possible association between PPARGC1A genotypes and both maximal (i.e., VO2max) and submaximal endurance capacity (i.e., running economy in a pre-training state (baseline) and after endurance training.	None of the VO2max and RE-related traits were associated with the Gly482Ser and Thr394Thr polymorphisms at baseline nor after training. The A2962G polymorphism was however associated with VO2max at baseline, as carriers of the G allele (AG1GG genotypes; n = 49) had higher levels of VO2max than the AA group (n = 53).
Weiss et al., 2005 [22]	PPARG Pro12Ala (rs1801282)	Caucasian; n = 73, (men 32, women 41), healthy sedentary subjects aged 50–75 years.	To investigate whether a common functional gene variant predicts insulin action and whether improvements in insulin action in response to endurance exercise training are associated with PPARG Pro12Ala.	Endurance training-induced changes in the insulin response to oral glucose are associated with the PPARG Pro12Ala genotype in men, but not in women.
Zarebska et al., 2014 [23]	PPARG Pro12Ala (rs1801282)	Polish; n = 201 (women only), no history of any metabolic or cardiovascular diseases. Age 21 ± 1 years	To examine the genotype distribution of the PPARG Pro12Ala allele in a group of Polish women measured for selected body mass and body composition variables before and after the completion of a 12-week training program.	The Pro12Ala polymorphism modifies the association of physical activity and body mass changes in Polish women.
Péruse et al., 2010 [24]	PPARG Pro12Ala (rs1801282)	White; n = 481 (men 233, women 248 from 98 nuclear families), sedentary non-diabetic subjects from the HERITAGE study who finished a 20-week endurance training program. Age 36 ± 0.67 years	To investigate whether variants either confirmed or newly identified as diabetes susceptibility variants through GWAS modulate changes in phenotypes derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in response to an endurance training program.	Improvements in glucose homeostasis in response to regular exercise are influenced by the PPARG Pro12Ala variant.
Kahara et al., 2003 [25]	PPARG Pro12Ala	Japanese; n = 123, men, age 21–69 years. Age ± SD, 45.2 ± 11.6 years	To examine the association of PPARG gene polymorphism in Japanese healthy men with changes in insulin resistance after intervention with an exercise program.	The PPARG gene polymorphism may be a reliable indicator of whether exercise will have a beneficial effect as part of the treatment of insulin resistance syndrome.
Hautala et al., 2007 [21]	PPARD +15C/T (rs2016520) +65A/G (rs2076167)	American; n = 462 white subjects (223 males, 239 females) n = 256 black subjects (87 males, 169 females) from the HERITAGE study. Age 17–65 years	To test the hypothesis that PPARD gene polymorphisms are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma lipid responses to endurance training.	DNA sequence variation in the PPARD locus is a potential modifier of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy individuals in response to regular exercise.