Table 2.
The summary of the trainability of different allele carriers. PPAR = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. w = week. ↑ = increase. ↓ = decrease. lbm = lean body mass. HR = heart rate.
| Gene/Polymorphism | Intervention | Genotype/Allele Difference | Parameters | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
PPARGC1A Gly482Ser rs8192678 |
9 months 3 h/w of moderate sports endurance exercise (e.g., walking, swimming) | Gly/Gly > Ser allele carriers | ↑ individual anaerobic threshold (W) | Stefan et al., 2007 [17] |
| 10 w 3/w 60 min cycling training at a heart rate equaling 70–90% of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) | Gly/Gly > Ser allele carriers (Ser allele-no response) |
↑ slow muscle fibers’ proportion | Steinbacher et al., 2015 [18] | |
| Gly/Gly > Ser allele carriers | ↑ mitochondria activity–Complex II | Steinbacher et al., 2015 [18] | ||
| 12 w 140 min/w 20 cm bench-stepping exercise training at lactate threshold intensity | Gly/Gly > Ser allele carriers (Ser allele-no response) |
↓ low-density and total lipoprotein cholesterol | Tobina et al., 2017 [19] | |
| 10 w 3/w 45–60 min HR equaling 80–100% of the anaerobic threshold (ANT) | Gly/Gly > Ser allele carriers (Ser/Ser-no response) |
↑ VO2peak (mL·min−1·kg) | Ring-Dimitriou, et al., 2014 [20] | |
|
PPARD rs1053049 (complete LD with rs2076167) |
9 months 3 h/w of moderate sports endurance exercise (e.g., walking, swimming) | TT > C allele carriers | ↑ insulin sensitivity | Stefan et al., 2007 [17] |
| TT > C allele carriers | ↓ fasting insulin levels | Stefan et al., 2007 [17] | ||
|
PPARD rs2267668 |
9 months 3 h/w of moderate sports endurance exercise (e.g., walking, swimming) | AA > G allele carriers | ↑ insulin sensitivity | Stefan et al., 2007 [17] |
| AA > G allele carriers | ↑ individual anaerobic threshold (W) | Stefan et al., 2007 [17] | ||
| AA > G allele carriers (G allele-negative response) |
↑ VO2peak (mL·min−1·kg lbm) | Stefan et al., 2007 [17] | ||
|
PPARD +15C/T (rs2016520) +65A/G (rs2076167) |
20 w 3/w at 55–75% of baseline VO2max for 30–50 min | T allele carriers > +15CC (only in black subjects) |
↑ VO2max ↑ maximum power output |
Hautala et al., 2007 [21] |
| +15CC > T allele carriers +65GG > A allele carriers (only in white subjects) |
↑ plasma HDL cholesterol | Hautala et al., 2007 [21] | ||
|
PPARG Pro12Ala rs1801282 |
10 w 3–4/w 40 min sessions of endurance treadmill walking and stationary cycling at 65–75% of heart rate reserve | Men: Pro/Pro < Ala/Pro | ↓ fasting insulin and insulin AUC following intervention | Weiss et al., 2005 [22] |
| 12 w 3/w 60 min at 50–75% heart rate max. aerobic | Pro/Pro > Ala allele carriers | ↓ body fat | Zarebska et al., 2014 [23] | |
| 20 w 3/w at 55–75% of baseline VO2max for 30–50 min | Ala carriers > Pro/Pro (Pro allele-negative response in some parameters) |
↑ glucose tolerance (glucose effectiveness, acute insulin response to glucose, and disposition index) | Péruse et al., 2010 [24] | |
| 3 months 2–3/w 2–3/day 20–60 min at 50% of the maximal heart rate of brisk walking | Ala allele carriers > Pro/Pro | ↓ fasting immunoreactive insulin (IRI) ↓ homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance index (HOMA-R) |
Kahara et al., 2003 [25] |