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. 2018 May 9;19(5):1416. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051416

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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3-Methyladenine (3-MA) inhibited glucosamine (GlcN)-induced autophagy in ARPE-19 cells. (A) The cells were pretreated with or without 3-MA (10 mM) for 1 h followed by co-treatment with or without GlcN (5 mM) for another 18 h. Whole-cell lysates were prepared and analyzed with immunoblotting using anti-LC3 and anti-GAPDH antibodies. (B) Optical density of the Western blot bands for LC3-I, LC3-II, and GAPDH was analyzed. The results are represented as the mean ± SEM. The differences in the LC3-II/LC3-I ratios between groups were compared using ANOVA, and Tukey’s test was used for post hoc analysis; ns, not significant; ** p < 0.01 versus the control group; *** p < 0.001 versus the control group; ^### p < 0.001.