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. 2018 May 14;19(5):1456. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051456

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Crosstalk between the mitochondria and the nucleus resulting in epigenetic markers. Green arrows correspond to signals emitted by mitochondria to influence the nucleus and therefore altering the telomeres, the nucleosome and the DNA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate damage. Free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose lead to phosphorylation and acetylation of histones. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) regulates sirtuins that are histone deacetylases. The blue arrow corresponds to signaling from the nucleus to mitochondrial biogenesis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PCG1α) and forkhead transcription factors (FOXO) regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. The red arrows correspond to the pathway leading to cell death. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) activation leads to apoptosis.