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. 2018 Apr 26;19(5):1294. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051294

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Graphical abstract highlighting the pleiotropic actions of TGF-β on different cell types, which explain how TGF-β influences the microenvironment, contributing to the development and progression of fibrosis and cancer. Red lines indicate inhibition of the indicated cell type activity. Black arrows indicate activation of the indicated cell type. Green arrows indicate that Endothelial cells upon TGF-β stimulation can undergo either Angiogenesis or EndMT. Blue Arrows indicate that epithelial cells after TGF-β stimulation can undergo apoptosis or EMT.