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. 2018 May 11;19(5):1442. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051442

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Structure (A); and mechanisms of action (B) of anti-TNF biologics. All anti-TNF biologics neutralize membrane-bound (tmTNF) and soluble TNF (sTNF) but, in addition to that, some inhibitors also induce outside-to-inside signaling via tmTNF and their Fc-regions mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). ADCC: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDC: complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Fab: fragment antigen binding; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IL: interleukin; NK: natural killer; ROS: reactive oxygen species tmTNF: transmembrane TNF.