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. 2018 May 22;19(5):1536. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051536

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of kudzu leaf extract on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) activation. (A) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with kudzu leaf extract for 1 h followed by stimulation with LPS (L) for 15 min. Whole cell extracts were prepared and subjected to Western blotting. The level of signaling proteins was analyzed using GAPDH as an internal control. One of three independent experiments is shown. (B,C) RAW264.7 cells were transfected with an NF-κB-or AP-1-dependent reporter gene. Cells were pretreated with kudzu leaf extract for 2 h and then stimulated with LPS for 6 h. Luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Glo® luciferase assay system (n = 3). ### p < 0.005 vs. control (−L); *** p < 0.005 vs. control (+L).