Table 1.
In vivo KLF15 experimental studies.
| Experiment | Model/Animal Strain | Control Group | Summary of Main Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetic models | Ascending aortic constriction in KLF15 (−/−) and KLF15 (+/+) C57BL/6 mice | Sham-operation | KLF15 (−/−) vs. (+/+) - ↓ LV FS, ↑ cavity size; AAC in KLF15 (−/−) led to ↑ LV cavity dilation, ↓ systolic function,↑ cardiac mass, ↑ cardiomyocyte cell size, ↑ ANF and BNP mRNA |
Fisch S et al., 2007 [13] |
| Ascending aortic constriction in KLF15 (−/−) and KLF15 (+/+) C57BL/6 mice | Sham-operation | AAC led to ↑ cardiac CTGF mRNA in KLF15 (−/−); no change in controls | Wang B et al., 2008 [12] | |
| Ang II infusion in KLF15 (−/−) C57BL/6 mice |
Saline infusion in KLF15 (+/+) mice | Ang II led to ↑ cardiac mass and cavity dilation, ↓ systolic function, ↓ LV KLF15 mRNA, ↑ ANF expression vs. control | Halder et al., 2010 [10] | |
| Hypertension induced LVH | High salt diet in Dahl salt-sensitive rats; LVH at 11 weeks and heart failure at 17 weeks | Age-matched low salt diet | Further ↓ cardiac KLF15 mRNA as LVH progressed to heart failure; ↑ ANP with LVH and further ↓ with heart failure |
Horie T et al., 2009 [19] |
| Time course of cardiac biopsies in hypertensive transgenic TGR(mRen2)27 rats (Ren-2) | Wildtype littermates | Cardiac KLF15 mRNA ↓ with progression from LVH to heart failure | Leenders et al., 2010 [15] | |
| 14-day Ang II infusion in C57BL/6 male mice. | Saline infusion | ↓ KLF15 mRNA expression in ventricle | Halder et al., 2010 [10] | |
| Adenoviral (AAV9) KLF15 or GFP (control vector) over-expression in 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice + 28-day Ang II infusion | Saline infusion | ↑ Interstitial fibrosis in both groups compared to controls; ↓ cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte area in AAV9-KLF15/Ang II vs. AAV9-GFP/Ang II | Leenders et al., 2012 [18] | |
| 5-week isoproterenol or vehicle infusion in KLF15 (−/−) C57BL/6 mice | KLF15 (+/+) mice | ↑ Cardiac mass, ↑ cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, ↑ fibrosis in KLF15 (−/−) isoproterenol vs. vehicle; ↔ cardiac mass, cell size and fibrosis in KLF15 (+/+) isoproterenol vs. vehicle |
Gao et al., 2017 [16] | |
| Surgical induction of LVH | Pressure-overload hypertrophy induced by TAC in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats | No control group | ↓ KLF15 LV mRNA expression at 2-days post-TAC and further ↓ at 7-days post-TAC | Fisch S et al., 2007 [13] |
| Aortic banding in Sprague-Dawley rats with debanding at 3 and 6-weeks post-surgery | Time-matched sham-operated rats | ↓ Cardiac KLF15 mRNA, ↑ interstitial fibrosis, ↑ CTGF and ↑ TGFβ mRNA at 3- and 6-week post-banding; debanding led to ↑ cardiac KLF15 and ↓ TGFβ mRNA | Yu et al., 2014 [17] |
↑ Increased; ↓ decreased; ↔ no change. AAC, ascending aortic constriction; AAV9, adeno-associated virus 9; Ang II, angiotensin II; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CTGF connective tissue growth factor; FS, fractional shortening; GFP, green fluorescent protein; KLF15, Kruppel-like factor 15; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; TAC, transaortic constriction; TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta; TGR(mREN2)27, transgenic renin hypertensive model.