AA	adenine-adenine
ADAMTS9	a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9
AFP	alpha-fetoprotein
Akt (AKT) (protein kinase B)	serine/threonine protein kinase
ALD	alcoholic liver disease
ALS	acid-labile protein subunit
aPTT	Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
BMI	body mass index
CLD	chronic liver diseases
CT	cytosine-thymine
ECM	extracellular matrix
EGF/R	epidermal growth factor/receptor
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
GG	guanine-guanine
GH	growth hormone
HBV/HCV	hepatitis B/C virus
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
HIV	human immunodeficiency virus
HSCs	human stellate cells
IGF	insulin-like growth factor
IGFR	IGF receptor
IGFBPs	IGF binding proteins
IGFBPrP1-10	IGF IGFBP-related proteins 1-10
IL	interleukin
INR	International Normalized Ratio of prothrombin time of blood coagulation
IR	insulin receptor
IRS-1/2	insulin receptor substrate 1/2
kDa	kilodalton
LH	luteinizing hormone
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase (originally called ERK)
MELD	Model of End-Stage Liver Disease
NAFLD	nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
STAT	signal transducer and activator of transcription
TGF-α, -β	transforming growth factor α, -β
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor α
TNM	classification of Malignant Tumors (T—tumor; N—lymph nodes; M—metastasis)
TT	thymine-thymine