Table 1.
Serum levels and tissue expression changes in the IGF/IGFR pathway in chronic liver diseases.
| Gene/Protein | NAFLD | Liver Cirrhosis | HCC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IGF1 | S | ↓[97,100,101] ♣[37,98,102,103,104,106] |
↓[114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122] ♦[115,116,124,125,126,128] |
↓[133,140,142] ⇓[121,133,140,141] #[140,141,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152] |
| T | ↓[65] ♣[32] |
nd | ↓[161,162,163] | |
| IGF2 | S | ♣[105] | ↓[115] ♦[115,133] |
⇑, ↓[121,140,154,155,156] |
| T | nd | ↑[136] | ↑[138,154,164] | |
| IGF1R | S | nd | nd | nd |
| T | nd | nd | ↓[161,164] ↑[154,171] |
|
| IGFBP1 | S | ↑[104] | ↑[119] | ↑[142] |
| T | nd | nd | ↓⇓[166] #[91] |
|
| IGFBP2 | S | nd | ↑[119] | ↑[158] |
| T | nd | nd | nd | |
| IGFBP3 | S | ↑[106,109] | ↓[118,121,123,125,128] | ⇓[121,133,141,157] |
| T | ↓[65] | nd | ↓[161,165,166] ⇓[166] |
|
| IGFBP4 | S | nd | nd | nd |
| T | nd | nd | ↓⇓[166] | |
| IGFBP5 | S | ♣[102] | nd | nd |
| T | nd | nd | nd | |
| IGFBP7 | S | nd | nd | ↑[160] |
| T | nd | ↓[139] | ↓ #[168,169] |
Legend: S—serum concentration; T—tissue level; ↑/↓—significant increase/decrease, as related to control individuals; ♣—association between IGF1 levels with advanced fibrosis; ♦—association between IGF1/IGF2/IGFBP3 levels with clinical stage of cirrhosis; ⇓/⇑—significant decrease/increase as related to cirrhosis; #—significant correlation with advanced clinical parameters, shorter time to progression, and poor overall survival; nd—no data; no. of ref.—numbers of references in order of citation (for details, see text).