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. 2018 May 16;19(5):1474. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051474

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Regulation of mTORC1 activity. mTORC1 and mTORC2 are under the control of numerous upstream signaling pathways that respond to the presence of growth factors, hormones, nutrient availability and stress signals. DEPTOR: DEP domain containing mTOR-interacting protein; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; mLST8: mammalian lethal with Sec13 protein 8; PAT1: proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1; PIP₂: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP₃: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-bisphosphate; PRAS40: proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; Rag: Ras-related GTPases; Raptor: regulatory-associated protein of mTOR; Rheb: Ras homolog enriched in brain; Rictor: rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin; SLC38A9: Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 9; v-ATPase: Vacuolar-type H⁺-ATPase; Wtn: Wingless-type MMTV integration site family.