ABTS	2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase
ANOVA	One-way analysis of variance
CAH	The aerial part of C. arisanense Kitam.
CAH-L	Low dose (5 mg/kg) of CAH
CAH-H	High dose (50 mg/kg) of CAH
CH	Cirsii Herba
CH-L	Low dose (5 mg/kg) of CH
CH-H	High dose (50 mg/kg) of CH
CJF	The flower part of C. japonicum DC. var. australe Kitam.
CJF-L	Low dose (0.5 mg/kg) of CJF
CJF-H	High dose (5 mg/kg) of CJF
CKH	The aerial part of C. kawakamii Hayata
CKH-L	Low dose (5 mg/kg) of CKH
CKH-H	High dose (50 mg/kg) of CKH
CMC	Carboxymethylcellulose
Cu/Zn-SOD	Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase
DAD	Photodiode array detector
DTNB	5,5′-Dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
GPx	Glutathione peroxidase
GR	Glutathione reductase
GSH	Glutathione
GST	Glutathione S-transferase
H&E	Hematoxylin and eosin
IL-1β	Interleukin-1β
MDA	Malondialdehyde
Mn-SOD	Mn-superoxide dismutase
NADPH	β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
PPGs	Phenylpropanoid glycosides
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RT	Room temperature
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
TBA	Thiobarbituric acid
TBARS	Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
TEAC	Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α
TPs	Total phenolics