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. 2018 Apr 24;19(5):1278. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051278

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) The predicted model of the substrate binding site of LAT1 with l-DOPA as a model substrate. The binding site of LAT1 (shown in green color) is proposed to consist of three recognition sites (+, −, and hydrophobic site) that are responsible for the binding of the negatively charged α-carboxyl group, the positively charged α-amino group, and the side chain; (B) The binding site model of the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) LAT1 in relation to the amino acid phenylalanine. (A,B) These figures were recreated from references [6,78], respectively.