Figure 1.

Early and late plant events in plant–phytophagous pest interactions. Insects and acari with different mouth structures and several feeding modes select host plants. Specific plant receptors (pattern recognition receptor, PRRs) recognize elicitors/effectors (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, and herbivore-associated molecular patterns, HAMPs) derived from either the plant or the phytophagous pest side (insects and acari) and activate downstream short-term and long-term defense responses. ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species.