Table 3. Cardiac and peripheral vascular hemodynamics at rest and during acute exercise.
| Workload (%MVC) | Rest | 15% | 30% | 45% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | ||||
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 83 ± 7 | 92 ± 9† | 96 ± 9† | 103 ± 7† |
| Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 119 ± 11 | 140 ± 15† | 143 ± 19† | 154 ± 12 |
| Diastolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 66 ± 6 | 68 ± 8 | 73 ± 6† | 77 ± 6† |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 53 ± 7 | 71 ± 14† | 70 ± 16† | 77 ± 10† |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 57 ± 6 | 64 ± 7† | 65 ± 9† | 68 ± 9† |
| Stroke volume, ml/beat | 109 ± 19 | 110 ± 18 | 111 ± 17 | 110 ± 16 |
| Cardiac output, L/min | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.4† | 7.2 ± 1.4† | 7.4 ± 1.4† |
| Systemic vascular conductance, ml/min/mmHg | 75 ± 14 | 77 ± 18 | 75 ± 14 | 72 ± 14 |
| Systemic vascular resistance, mmHg/L/min | 14 ± 2 | 14 ± 3 | 14 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 |
| Total arterial compliance, ml/mmHg | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.5† | 1.7 ± 0.8† | 1.5 ± 0.3† |
| Effective arterial elastance, mmHg/ml | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2† | 1.2 ± 0.2† | 1.3 ± 0.2† |
| Stroke work, mmHg*ml | 11,700 ± 2,293 | 13,920 ± 3,149† | 14,357 ± 3,243† | 15,308 ± 2,645† |
| Rate pressure product, AU | 6,821 ± 983 | 8,924 ± 1,311† | 9,354 ± 1,987† | 10,417 ± 1,706† |
| Deoxyhemoglobin, μM (n=9) | 27 ± 7 | 34 ± 8† | 37 ± 8† | 39 ± 8† |
| HFrEF | ||||
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 84 ± 15 | 93 ± 16† | 95 ± 17† | 102 ± 16† |
| Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 117 ± 20 | 128 ± 23† | 131 ± 24† | 141 ± 25*† |
| Diastolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 67 ± 14 | 75 ± 14† | 77 ± 16† | 83 ± 13† |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 50 ± 6 | 53 ± 15* | 53 ± 17* | 58 ± 18*† |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 67 ± 9* | 69 ± 12† | 71 ± 11† | 73 ± 14† |
| Stroke volume, ml/beat | 83 ± 17* | 81 ± 17* | 79 ± 20* | 76 ± 20* |
| Cardiac output, L/min | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.2* | 5.6 ± 1.6* | 5.4 ± 1.3* |
| Systemic vascular conductance, ml/min/mmHg | 68 ± 19 | 62 ± 16*† | 61 ± 21*† | 55 ± 15*† |
| Systemic vascular resistance, mmHg/L/min | 17 ± 1 | 18 ± 1† | 20 ± 3*† | 21 ± 1*† |
| Total arterial compliance, ml/mmHg | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.6† |
| Effective arterial elastance, mmHg/ml | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.7† | 1.6 ± 1.0*† | 1.8 ± 0.9*† |
| Stroke work, mmHg*ml | 8,654 ± 2,223 | 9,253 ± 2,250* | 9,192 ± 529* | 9,562 ± 3,097* |
| Rate pressure product, AU | 7,677 ± 1,488 | 8,902 ± 2,158† | 9,215 ± 2,184† | 10,322 ± 2,774† |
| Deoxyhemoglobin, μM (n=13) | 28 ± 4 | 32 ± 4† | 35 ± 5† | 36 ± 4† |
MVC, maximum voluntary contraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
*
Significant difference from control, P<0.05;
†
Significant difference from rest, P<0.05.