Table 4. Cardiac and peripheral vascular hemodynamics at rest and during metaboreceptor activation.
| Metaboreceptor activation | Rest | 15% | 30% | 45% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | ||||
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 83 ± 7 | 90 ± 11† | 93 ± 3† | 100 ± 2† |
| Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 119 ± 11 | 132 ± 18† | 139 ± 5† | 150 ± 5† |
| Systolic arterial pressure, ΔmmHg | - | 13 ± 10† | 19 ± 3† | 34 ± 4† |
| Diastolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 66 ± 6 | 69 ± 8† | 70 ± 2† | 74 ± 1† |
| Diastolic arterial pressure, ΔmmHg | - | 4 ± 5† | 4 ± 1† | 8 ± 1† |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 53 ± 10 | 62 ± 13† | 68 ± 14† | 75 ± 19† |
| Pulse Pressure, ΔmmHg | - | 9 ± 5† | 16 ± 3† | 23 ± 4† |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 57 ± 6 | 58 ± 8 | 59 ± 2 | 58 ± 2 |
| Stroke volume, ml/beat | 109 ± 19 | 118 ± 19† | 118 ± 5† | 118 ± 5† |
| Cardiac output, L/min | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 6.8 ± 1.2† | 6.9 ± 0.3† | 6.8 ± 0.3† |
| Systemic vascular conductance, ml/min/mmHg | 75 ± 14 | 76 ± 13 | 75 ± 3 | 68 ± 3† |
| Systemic vascular resistance, mmHg/L/min | 14 ± 3 | 14 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 15 ± 1 |
| Total arterial compliance, ml/mmHg | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.7† | 1.7 ± 0.6† |
| Total arterial compliance, Δml/mmHg | - | -0.2 ± 0.5 | -0.3 ± 0.8† | -0.3 ± 0.9† |
| Effective arterial elastance, mmHg/ml | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2† |
| Stroke work, mmHg*ml | 11,700 ± 2,293 | 13,921 ± 2691† | 14,799 ± 3,469† | 15,941 ± 3,904† |
| Rate pressure product, AU | 6,821 ± 983 | 7,659 ± 1,653† | 8,217 ± 1,843† | 8,680 ± 1,260† |
| Deoxyhemoglobin, μM (n=9) | 27 ± 5 | 48 ± 9† | 50 ± 9† | 51 ± 10† |
| HFrEF | ||||
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 84 ± 15 | 90 ± 16† | 94 ± 3† | 100 ± 4† |
| Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 117 ± 21 | 125 ± 24† | 129 ± 5† | 140 ± 6† |
| Systolic arterial pressure, ΔmmHg | - | 8 ± 8† | 12 ± 2*† | 23 ± 3*† |
| Diastolic arterial pressure, mmHg | 67 ± 14 | 73 ± 15† | 77 ± 3† | 81 ± 3† |
| Diastolic arterial pressure, ΔmmHg | - | 7 ± 4† | 9 ± 1*† | 13 ± 1*† |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 50 ± 14 | 52 ± 17 | 53 ± 16* | 59 ± 19*† |
| Pulse pressure, ΔmmHg | - | 3 ± 4* | 3 ± 6* | 10 ± 8*† |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 67 ± 9* | 68 ± 11* | 70 ± 11* | 68 ± 2* |
| Stroke volume, ml/beat | 83 ± 17* | 81 ± 18* | 77 ± 4* | 80 ± 4* |
| Cardiac output, L/min | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.2* | 5.3 ± 0.3* | 5.4 ± 0.3* |
| Systemic vascular conductance, ml/min/mmHg | 68 ± 19 | 63 ± 18*† | 58 ± 4*† | 55 ± 4*† |
| Systemic vascular resistance, mmHg/L/min | 17 ± 10 | 18 ± 9† | 20 ± 2*† | 21 ± 3*† |
| Total arterial compliance, ml/mmHg | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.6† |
| Total arterial compliance, Δml/mmHg | - | -0.1 ± 0.3 | -0.2 ± 0.4 | -0.5 ± 0.8† |
| Effective arterial elastance, mmHg/ml | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.7*† | 1.7 ± 0.8*† | 1.7 ± 0.8*† |
| Stroke work, mmHg*ml | 8,654 ± 2,223 | 9,021 ± 2,266* | 8,896 ± 2,541* | 9,982 ± 3,043*† |
| Rate pressure product, AU | 7,677 ± 1,489 | 8,572 ± 1,131† | 8,990 ± 2,044† | 9,445 ± 2,286† |
| Deoxyhemoglobin, μM (n=13) | 28 ± 5 | 47 ± 8† | 50 ± 8† | 53 ± 7† |
MVC, maximum voluntary contraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
*
Significant difference from control, P<0.05;
†
Significant difference from rest, P<0.05.