Table 2.
Characteristics associated with varying levels of PPI exposure: proportion of accumulated person time
| Characteristic* | ≤ 30 SDD (n=22,852 person-years) |
31-540 SDD (n=2,144 person-years) |
541-1080 SDD (n= 697 person-years) |
≥ 1080 SDD (n= 1,530 person-years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| 65-69 | 7.7 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 4.6 |
| 70-74 | 23.6 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 16.0 |
| 75-79 | 28.5 | 27.1 | 26.0 | 21.8 |
| 80-84 | 23.0 | 27.0 | 31.0 | 27.8 |
| ≥ 85 | 17.2 | 25.1 | 23.7 | 29.9 |
| Female | 57.6 | 64.6 | 54.6 | 57.6 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 90.0 | 88.0 | 89.2 | 88.3 |
| Black | 4.0 | 3.6 | 5.0 | 6.1 |
| Asian | 3.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
| Other, including mixed | 2.4 | 5.6 | 2.5 | 3.3 |
| Epilepsy | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Treated diabetes† | 9.8 | 12.1 | 12.9 | 12.2 |
| Treated hypertension† | 63.5 | 78.4 | 78.9 | 84.7 |
| Depression‡ | 7.8 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 11.9 |
| Impaired cognition | 4.8 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 6.3 |
| Vision problems | 26.2 | 31.5 | 35.6 | 32.7 |
| Stroke | 3.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 3.4 |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 4.7 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 13.1 |
| Coronary Artery Disease§ | 19.9 | 33.4 | 34.1 | 37.0 |
| Low gait speed¶# | 6.1 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 8.1 |
| Difficulty with ≥1 ADL#% | 17.4 | 24.8 | 24.9 | 28.6 |
| Difficulty with ≥1 IADL#% | 11.1 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 15.9 |
| Regular exercise | 66.2 | 60.9 | 58.1 | 58.6 |
| BMI | ||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.2 |
| 18.5-24.9 (normal) | 33.2 | 29.3 | 29.3 | 26.1 |
| 25.0-29.9 (overweight) | 41.0 | 42.5 | 42.4 | 45.8 |
| ≥30.0 (obese) | 24.5 | 27.4 | 26.7 | 26.3 |
| Smoking-Never | 49.0 | 48.9 | 40.2 | 46.7 |
| Former | 46.4 | 48.2 | 57.5 | 50.6 |
| Current | 4.1 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
| Fair or poor self-rated health | 14.0 | 21.2 | 25.3 | 21.5 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
| 0 | 63.6 | 45.8 | 44.0 | 41.8 |
| 1 | 17.7 | 22.8 | 22.3 | 22.1 |
| 2 | 11.3 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 15.5 |
| 3+ | 7.4 | 16.0 | 19.2 | 20.7 |
| Fracture in past 5 years | 3.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.3 |
| Opioidsx | 2.8 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 8.1 |
| Anticonvulsantsx | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
| Benzodiazepinesx | 2.0 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 2.6 |
| Prescription NSAIDsx | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 9.3 |
| Antidepressantsx | 4.2 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 9.7 |
| Thiazide diureticsx | 6.0 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 8.5 |
| Bisphosphonates† | 8.0 | 17.0 | 18.3 | 19.8 |
| Corticosteroids† | 12.2 | 21.4 | 20.9 | 21.7 |
| H2RAs† | 21.7 | 61.3 | 71.2 | 67.6 |
| Hormone therapy (limited to women)† | 26.3 | 33.9 | 31.6 | 33.1 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living, H2RA, histamine type2 receptor antagonist, NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Results are provided as n (%) unless otherwise stated. Less than 5% of people had missing values;
Defined from computerized pharmacy data as filling ≥2 prescriptions;
Defined as a score of ≥10 on a modified version of the CESD scale;
Defined as scoring below 86 (out of 100 possible points) on the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument test or being referred by study interviewers for detailed cognitive evaluation within the research study;
Defined as a self-reported history of myocardial infarction, angina, CABG, or angioplasty
Based on walk speed of <0.6 meters/second;
Ascertained at baseline;
Defined as trouble with ≥1 ADL or IADL;
Defined from pharmacy data as having a fill within the prior 30 days