Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics
| Variable Description | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Block group population | 1,706 | 1,333 | 0 | 29,778 |
| Block group land area (square miles) | 1.211 | 6.533 | 0.007 | 147.855 |
| Counts of injury crashes | ||||
| Total | 9.526 | 13.070 | 0.000 | 238.000 |
| Had Been Drinking (HBD) | 1.013 | 1.625 | 0.000 | 21.000 |
| Single Vehicle Nighttime (SVN) | 0.558 | 1.239 | 0.000 | 21.000 |
| Alcohol outlet density (10s per square mile) | ||||
| In local block group | 1.334 | 2.549 | 0.000 | 39.261 |
| Mean of adjacent block groups | 1.363 | 1.413 | 0.000 | 18.897 |
| City-level average | 0.577 | 0.630 | 0.047 | 3.424 |
| Proportion of outlets that are bars or pubs | ||||
| In local block group | 0.080 | 0.141 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Mean of adjacent block groups | 0.080 | 0.088 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| City-level average | 0.088 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.165 |
| Proportion of outlets that are restaurants | ||||
| In local block group | 0.408 | 0.272 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Mean of adjacent block groups | 0.446 | 0.205 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| City-level average | 0.499 | 0.084 | 0.311 | 0.773 |
| Local population density (1000s / square mile) | 7.241 | 6.064 | 0.000 | 75.673 |
| Adjacent population (1000s) | 11.370 | 6.236 | 0.588 | 67.852 |
| City population (1000s) | 209.128 | 160.955 | 58.987 | 550.139 |
| Real income ($10,000s) | 5.462 | 2.668 | 0.000 | 23.538 |
| Adjacent real income ($10,000s) | 5.447 | 2.141 | 0.956 | 20.479 |
| Average household size | 2.855 | 0.706 | 0.000 | 6.400 |
| % Poverty | 10.894 | 11.959 | 0.000 | 100.000 |
| % Unemployment | 7.256 | 8.079 | 0.000 | 153.333 |
| Proportion age 20–24 | 0.072 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.612 |
| Proportion age 20–24 in adjacent block groups | 0.072 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.446 |
| Proportion age 25–44 | 0.290 | 0.068 | 0.000 | 0.715 |
| Proportion age 45–64 | 0.229 | 0.064 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Proportion age 65+ | 0.119 | 0.086 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Proportion white | 0.793 | 0.165 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Proportion white in adjacent block groups | 0.794 | 0.142 | 0.105 | 0.990 |
| Proportion Black | 0.062 | 0.094 | 0.000 | 0.894 |
| Proportion Hispanic | 0.308 | 0.235 | 0.000 | 1.200 |
| Proportion male | 0.494 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Presence of any class 1–2 highway (dummy) | 0.427 | 0.495 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Notes: Descriptive statistics of model variables for 3870 Census block groups within 50 mid-sized California cities over the years 2001–2008 (total n = 30,960). Proportions of outlets that are bars or restaurants are undefined in areas with no outlets; in such cases the sample-wide average proportions were used.