Table 1.
Demographics of Study Groups
| Demographic Information | SCZ Patients (N=19) | CON group (N=20) | Statistic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 26.26 ± 4.19 | 23.65 ± 4.67 | F(1,37) = 3.37 |
| Handedness (r/l) | 15/4 | 17/3 | χ2(1) = 0.24 |
| Education (years) | 13.37 ± 1.80 | 15.20 ± 1.67 | F(1,37) = 10.84** |
| Avg parental education (years) | 15.60 ± 2.29 | 15.89 ± 2.71 | F(1,31) = 0.11 |
| Race | χ2(3) = 5.62 | ||
| White | 9 | 10 | |
| Black | 9 | 4 | |
| Asian | 1 | 5 | |
| Hispanic | 0 | 1 | |
| Clinical | |||
|
| |||
| CAINS-MAP | 10.44 ± 6.12 | 2.39 ± 3.20 | F(1,32) = 23.85*** |
| CAINS-EXP | 2.94 ± 3.17 | 0.44 ± 0.78 | F(1,32) = 10.44** |
| Illness Duration (# of years) | 6.29 ± 5.58 | ||
| PANSS | |||
| Positive subscale | 14.79 ± 5.07 | ||
| Negative subscale | 14.05 ± 4.75 | ||
| General subscale | 28.42 ± 7.74 | ||
| Typical (1st gen.) antipsychotics | |||
| Haloperidol | 1 | ||
| Fluphenazine | 1 | ||
| Atypical (2nd gen.) antipsychotics | |||
| Olanzapine | 2 | ||
| Risperidone | 2 | ||
| Quetiapine | 1 | ||
| Aripiprazole | 4 | ||
| Clozapine | 6 | ||
| Paliperidone | 2 | ||
| Frequency of Drug & Alcohol Use (AUS/DUS)a | |||
|
| |||
| Tobacco | 1.00 ± 1.10 | 0.58 ± 0.84 | F(1,33) = 1.66 |
| Alcohol | 1.06 ± 1.24 | 1.84 ± 1.38 | F(1,33) = 3.03 |
| Marijuana, THC | 0.94 ± 1.73 | 0.79 ±1.23 | F(1,33) = 0.09 |
| Neurocognitive Assessments | |||
|
| |||
| CPT-IP (Avg D-Prime) b | 2.93 ± 0.81 | 3.38 ± 0.64 | F(1,34) = 3.42 |
| NAART (# of words) | 30.44 ± 12.21 | 45.21 ± 7.18 | F(1,35) = 20.37*** |
| VST (tot. correct) | 15.42 ± 3.22 | 19.10 ± 2.38 | F(1,37) = 16.57*** |
| AVLT (tot. recalled) | 20.71 ± 6.05 | 29.33 ± 4.95 | F(1,33) = 21.44*** |
| AVLT (tot. recognized) | 11.47 ± 3.10 | 14.10 ± 1.07 | F(1,37) = 12.78** |
| Stroop c | 9.05 ± 8.07 | 3.73 ± 2.59 | F(1,37) = 7.88** |
| Questionnaires | |||
|
| |||
| Perceived Stress Scale d | 17.50 ± 7.01 | 15.35 ± 4.89 | F(1,36) = 1.22 |
| Daily Stress Inventory-Freq e | 24.44 ± 14.13 | 22.10 ± 6.61 | F(1,36) = 0.44 |
| Daily Stress Inventory-AIR f | 2.83 ± 1.30 | 2.70 ± 0.84 | F(1,36) = 0.13 |
Values presented as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: CAINS-MAP: Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms- Motivation and Pleasure Scale; CAINS-EXP: CAINS-Expression Scale; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; THC: tetrahydrocannabinol; CPT-IP: Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs; NAART: North American Adult Reading Test; VST: Visuospatial Sequencing Test; AVLT: Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
Frequency of tobacco (0=no use,1=occasionally, 2=<10/day, 3=11–25/day, 4>25/day; frequency of drugs/alcohol (0=no use, 1=1–2X/month, 2=3–4X/month, 3=1–2X/week, 4=3–4X/week, 5=almost daily)
CPT-IP: average sensitivity index (D-prime) for 2,3, and 4-digit trials
Stroop interference score (seconds) = Incongruent color words - [(congruent color words*color naming)/(congruent color words+color naming)]
Perceived Stress score reflects sum of all scale items (reversing responses for items 4,5,7,8)
Daily Stress Inventory-Freq: frequency of stressful events
Daily Stress Inventory- average impact rating (AIR) of endorsed events
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01,
p < 0.01