Table 3.
Changes in breastfeeding plans, self-efficacy, attitudes, and perceived benefits (n = 210), HEAL pilot evaluation 2015-2016.
| Variables | Pre-HEAL |
Post-HEAL |
ANCOVA pre-post p-value |
ANCOVA interaction by dosage p-value+ |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | |||
| Baby's age when planning to completely stop breastfeeding | 149 | 10.25 ± 5.81 | 149 | 11.30 ± 6.83 | 0.009⁎ | 0.975 |
| Pre-HEAL |
Post-HEAL |
ANCOVA pre-post p-value |
ANCOVA interaction by dosage p-value+ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| Breastfeeding plan | ||||||
| How do you plan to feed your new baby in the first few weeks | 0.012⁎ | 0.255 | ||||
| Formula only | 23 | 12.4 | 17 | 9.2 | ||
| Breastfeeding and formula | 76 | 41.1 | 69 | 37.3 | ||
| Breastfeeding only | 86 | 46.5 | 99 | 53.5 | ||
| Baby's age for formula or any other food beside breast milk | 0.058 | 0.086 | ||||
| month | 3 | 4.1 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| 1–2 months | 4 | 5.4 | 1 | 1.3 | ||
| 3–4 months | 12 | 16.2 | 10 | 13.5 | ||
| 5–6 months | 24 | 32.4 | 25 | 33.8 | ||
| 7 months or more | 31 | 41.9 | 38 | 51.4 | ||
| Plan to continue breastfeeding after you return to work or school | 0.457 | 0.522 | ||||
| Yes | 123 | 88.5 | 131 | 94.2 | ||
| No | 16 | 11.5 | 8 | 5.8 | ||
| Self-efficacy | ||||||
| Confident in able to breastfeed until the baby is the age you indicated above | 0.101 | 0.127 | ||||
| Not at all confident | 5 | 3.0 | 2 | 1.2 | ||
| Less confident | 8 | 4.8 | 2 | 1.2 | ||
| Neutral | 36 | 21.7 | 22 | 13.2 | ||
| Somewhat confident | 54 | 32.5 | 61 | 36.8 | ||
| Very confident | 63 | 38.0 | 79 | 47.6 | ||
| Attitudes | ||||||
| Infant formula is as good as breast milk | 0.164 | 0.632 | ||||
| Strongly disagree | 52 | 25.0 | 68 | 32.7 | ||
| Disagree | 55 | 26.4 | 50 | 24.0 | ||
| Neutral | 49 | 23.6 | 45 | 21.6 | ||
| Agree | 38 | 18.3 | 24 | 11.5 | ||
| Strongly agree | 14 | 6.7 | 21 | 10.2 | ||
| Perceived benefits | ||||||
| If a baby is breastfed, he or she will be healthier, and less likely to get ear infections or respiratory illness or diarrhea | 0.002⁎ | 0.029⁎ | ||||
| Strongly disagree | 5 | 2.4 | 2 | 1.0 | ||
| Disagree | 7 | 3.4 | 4 | 1.9 | ||
| Neutral | 26 | 12.5 | 13 | 6.3 | ||
| Agree | 46 | 22.1 | 37 | 17.8 | ||
| Strongly agree | 124 | 59.6 | 152 | 73.0 | ||
| Babies should be exclusively breastfed (fed only breast milk) for the first 6 months | 0.105 | <0.001⁎ | ||||
| Strongly disagree | 15 | 7.2 | 8 | 3.8 | ||
| Disagree | 18 | 8.7 | 11 | 5.3 | ||
| Neutral | 54 | 26.1 | 46 | 22.2 | ||
| Agree | 55 | 26.6 | 33 | 16.0 | ||
| Strongly agree | 65 | 31.4 | 109 | 52.7 | ||
+
ANCOVA p-value controls for interaction of baseline behavior and dosage.
⁎
p < 0.05.